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THE NEW WORLD 



OR 



MECHANICAL SYSTEM 



TO PERFORM THE LABOURS OP man IND BEAST P.Y INANIMATE powers. 

THAI" COST NOTHING, 

FOR PRODUCING IND PREPARINQ Till: si B8TAN0B OF I. IKK 

WITH PI.ATKs. 

BY J. A ETZLER. 



AS A SEQUEL OF HIS "PARADISE." 



It is proved horc from experience : — How to cultivate 80,000 n'-rcs by one machine anil 
three or four men, with I capital of li • '" l "c most su- 

perior mode— how to clear land ftom trees, slumps, roots and stones; till 
and drain swamps, make dams, canals, ditches, roads, and per- 
form any kind of work in the ground; build houses, and 
furnish as much inanimate power as desired, 
for ever, for any place and any station- 
ary machine — all by the 
same system. 

ttc wise examines before he judges , 
The fool judges before he examines. 

*** Washing 

PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED BY C. F. STOLLMEYER, 

FOREIGN AND AMERICAN BOOKSTORE, No. 64 SOUTH FOURTH STREET. 

1341. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, by 

J. A. ETZLER, 

In the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



STEREOTYPED BY S. DOUGLAS WYETH, 
No. 7 Pear Street, Philadelphia. 



THE NEW WORLD 



MECHANICAL SYSTEM 



INTRODUCTION. 



My "Paradise," &c. surveys the great materials of the world, 
and shows the powers and means, in general, to make .1 paradise, 

not of superstitious and childish fancy, but of intelligence, and all 
the enjoyments that the present world affords to man, as far as the 
knowledge of the present age teaches, and as the most informed and 
enlightened men of the present day would wish. 

The present book, as a sequel of my " Paradise," gives the details 
of a mechanical system, actuated by powers demonstrated in that 
book, to produce a terrestrial paradise of abundance without labour 
of either man or beast. / 

1 prove here minutely what 1 have proved in general in my 
" Paradise," by experience known to every one. 

To accommodate the dullest and laziest mind, 1 accompany this 
with plates of the machinery, of which every part is tested by prac- 
tice, and give all the explanations and calculations required ; and 
tender, in addition, models for inspection of the same system. 

I offer contracts for the execution of the whole or any part thereof, 
on easy terms, say ten per cent, of the profit, or some equivalent. 

The things I offer here to you, are, in short, these, viz. 

Powers that are much stronger than all the men and beasts to- 
gether you are able to muster, and as strong as you wish them, most 
obedient to your will, imperishable, indefatigable, working for you 
day and night, for ever, without food or wages, and which, with a 
few simple tools, cultivate all your land, build your houses, make 
all your desirable canals and roads, and carry you and your things 
from place to place as quickly as you please, and ultimately change 
your country — your unproductive woods and prairies, your dismai 
swamps and ponds, your mountains and vallies, and your poorly 
cultivated farms — into a general paradise. 
1* 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

These powers and tools will perform all the labours much better 
than either human hands or beasts could ever do. 

They will make large reservoirs, in the most convenient places, 
for the double purpose of tilling, by the power of water- falls, and of 
irrigating the soil around each to the distance of miles. They will 
clear your ground from trees, stumps, roots and rocks, and prepare 
the land for the finest garden culture. They will cut out of the 
ground rocks in rectangular shapes, and fit them for pavements and 
buildings, without cement, and erect houses or lay pavemei 
them. They will make any excavation, elevation or applanation of 
the ground, such, for instance, as canals, roads, wells, mines, dams, 
fill swamps and ponds and drain them to make a fertile garden of 
them, confine waters into narrower appropriate channels, make them 
navigable where wanted, and render thus the country free from pes- 
tilential exhalations and salubrious for ever. They will form roads 
to move carriages on them without machine — they will drive your 
thrashing or pressing machines, your mills, your factories, in short, 
all your stationary machines. They will do that most important 
business of all, viz. after having prepared and laid out your land in 
gardens and orchards, and surrounded them with dams and ditches 
for fences — plough and pulverize the soil, sift it from small stones, 
roots, fibres, &c, sow, mow, gather and remove the crops to the place 
of their final preparation, by thrashing machines, presses, mills, &c. 
driven by the same power gratuitously. 

To all this effect suffices the easy attendance of three or four men 
to one machine, not much bigger nor more complicated than a com- 
mon wagon, with a capital less than an equal extent of land would 
require for the most common implements (such as ploughs, spades, 
hoes, axes, &c.) one dollar per acre, or 20,000 dollars at rw 
cultivating a garden of 20,000 acres, producing as much as 40,000 
acres of your present best agriculture, enough for the wants of 
40,000 men in this climate, and for more than 100,000 men in 
the tropical climates. 

Ye, who are poor and of the labouring class, do not be alarmed 
at this invention. It will not deprive you of your poor pittance tor 
sustaining life, obtainable now by your petty drudgery. When 
20,000 acres of garden can be cultivated by three or four men, with 
but one dollar capital (once for ever) per acre, you may easily be- 
come share-holders of joint stock companies, by paying from twenty 
to thirty dollars, and even this small sum, partly orentirely, in work 
of from one to three months, once for ever, and then enjoy the pro- 
duce of from ten to twenty acres for each share, without further 
trouble or expense — ami then live like gentlemen and ladies, to much 
belter purposes than those of a dull animal in a tread mill. 

Ye capitalists are under no restriction of applying your means to 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

their full extent, and your •• . Your produces hero are 

not limited by the demands of fancj bion, but co-extensive 

with tl ! wati's of all the nations of the world. 

rieh ami poor, may procure with the surplus of your 
produces all the things saleable in the world. 

Do not longer be bo silly as to imagine that wretchedness is the 
• of your lives — it is the destiny of brutes, who do n 
amine, nor reason. 

I, K>k to tl)'- vast extent of thi —How much Of it i- 

as yet by the human racel — Not one hundredth part of it; thi 
ninety-nine hundredth part, and mo waiting 

for the culture of man. The better hall' lobe, the tropical 

Lween thirty degrees north anil 801 ;li latitude, with a per- 
petual vegetation and mild temp nature, ■ w <, pro- 
ducing t< ■ 1 1 thousand differenl kinds of plants, unexpl 
their names and exterior struct man, unit 
gated yet as to their susceptibility of improvement in quantity, flavour 
ami wholesomeness (as has been don . with our ■• 
fruits, &C.). 

What a strong evidence of general lad; of intelligence (good 
sound sense) ! 

Dull domestic animals cling to their native or accustomed pi. 
so dull man, in his natural ignoran ■>'. wh r civilized — 

to him his little country is his world — the intelligent will c • 

the whole globe as his legitimate home. ; rnni survey it, and select th' 
best spot on it he can find for his abode — the intelligent is a cosmo- 
polite, the dull and ignorant a I being. 
See now how tl 9 kill and eat each other — how tl: 

hzed wrestle with each other, in a universal scramble, for their poor 
pittance of substances to till their stomachs, cover their nakedness, 
shelter their bodies against the inclemencies of a hostile climate — 
to buy as cheap as possible, to sell as dear as possible, in order to 
obtain from each other what they want, while none has ever enough, 
and to escape as much as possible from hard, fatiguing, unpleasant 
labours and services — are the objects of every one through life. 
See how stinted and spoiled and few their pleasures of life are by 
the remembrance and iear of what they cost them, how accumulated 
their physical, moral and mental sufferings are ! — They do not see 
the vast, beautiful, uncultivated wildernesses of the globe. They 
never thought, nor did their school-masters teach them to survey 
the resources (the powers and productions) of nature, and using them 
for the best benefit of man. Their study ever has been how to take 
from each other what little they possessed. 

The savage and the civilized man act on the impulse of the narrow 
circumstances of the moment, the customs and their confined horizon. 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

Murdering or enslaving many millions of human beings, supersti- 
tious persecutions, search after a little yellow and white metal, and 
glistening pebbles of no utility, cultivation and traffic in useless or 
worse than useless articles, that form the staple of commerce (what 
is the utility of tobacco, coffee, tea, dyestuff for mankind, if it was 
not for silly habits ?) some drugs, &c. have been as yet but the fruits 
of the discovery and conquest of the new worlds, that could be the 
happy abodes of a hundred times the population of all the civilized 
world. 

With these facts before your eyes, are you yet willing to re-echo 
the boast of our age being an enlightened one? A most unfortunate 
notion, that keeps man a stationary being. Our age is richer in 
knowledge of the globe than any former, the civilized nations are 
more powerful, by their gunpowder and navigation, than any of the 
past ages — but our age wants enlightening, i. e. a rational use of 
this knowledge. 

Rise, for once, above your present petty concerns, to a survey of 
the materials of your present world, within your reach, for a better 
existence. Cease, for once, the practice of blindly ridiculing 
with boyish levity every attempt to progress in science and improve- 
ments. Remember the disgrace to humanity, that neither Columbus, 
nor Robert Fulton, nor any man who did something towards the 
progress of the human race, could find men, but only boys to hoot at 
their propositions, instead of examining them and reasoning, like 
men ought to do, for their own benefit and that of mankind in general. 
Read, and read again, the brief and rich contents of my " Paradise," 
and this present book, until you have comprehended them fully — 
they are yet the only books you have on the science to produce the 
substances of life and real wealth in abundance, by nature's power — 
the only science necessary to mankind. There is nothing in them 
above the meanest comprehension — no fancy or guess work, but 
only plain material things, such as you can see and handle your- 
selves. — See whether you can discover any falsehood, any insuffi- 
ciency of proofs, any thing that is not proved by experience within 
your own knowledge — examine and scrutinize the subject — exact 
investigation is the sign of intelligence (good sense); prejudice, that 
prevents examination, the sign of a brute, not of prudence or wit. — 
The examination, here requested of you, will cost you less exertion 
than your ordinary drudgery of one week, and the result of this 
little inquiry will save you and your friends and posterity for ever 
from all drudgery and poverty. 

If I was rich enough, knowing as I do the repugnance to a little 
mental exertion. I would, for the benefit of the poor human aped.es, 
cheat you into the task of learning and examining the matter laid 
before you. 1 would do as kind school masters do with their little 



GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SYSTEM. 7 

pupils — they will give to the pupils a little sugar for learning their 
lessons, and thus cheat them into learning. I would set a premium, 
not of sugar, but of money, for learning this my new science, say 
for instance, 810 to any poor, and $100 to any rich, lazy individual, 
and a still higher premium for discovering any material error or in- 
sufficiency of my proofs for the purposes expressed by me, sav $1000. 
This would be more than sufficient to cheat you all into learning the 
means for your own great fortune, for 1 know you will do much 
more for such a sum of money than the small trouble here required. 
But as the case is now, you will have to wait for such an irresistible 
inducement to examination, until 1 shall possess the wealth for it, or 
some other liberal body will do as much for you. In the meantime, 
you may take my good will for the deed. 



GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SYSTEM. 

The principle and advantage of this, or any other mechanical 
contrivance, consists, as I have stated already in my " Paradise," not 
in the mere machinery, but in the efficiency and cheapness of power 
to drive the machine. 

People of sound sense are, therefore, not puzzled with inventing 
a machine for accomplishing a certain purpose, but they look for the 
power for it, and seek the advantage of machinery in the cheapness 
of the fencer for the machines or tools. 

If this doctrine appears new to you, it is merely owing to your 
school masters, who did not instruct you of it, being a branch of 
mathematics, though the chief one of real utility, which they would, 
in all likelihood, think as foreign to a liberal education as the making 
your shoes and coats yourselves. These school masters may, how- 
ever, be excusable for this lack of reason on the same plea as you, 
viz. : that their school masters afforded to them no better education. 
Still you may easily supply this defect by a little reflection of your 
own, for which no period of your life is too late. 

To contrive a tool or machine effecting a certain purpose a little 
better than another, is but a small matter, though it may be of great 
advantage to some individuals. 

I directed my study to the source of useful machinery, i. e. the 
powers, and then to the most useful of all machines first. 

I investigated and surveyed the great powers in nature, in order 
to select the cheapest and most universal ones of them. Next to 



GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SYSTEM. 

this inquiry, I thought the machine to cultivate the land and multiplv 
the substances of human life, the real wealth, to be the most useful 
of all others. I found, at the same time, the operations of agricul- 
ture to be the simplest and coarsest of all human works, requiring, 
therefore, the least complexity of tools. I found the cheapest powers 
to be those that cost nothing at all, and among them those the most 
preferable that are the most universal, viz. : wind and water. 

It is generally the case that those things which are constantly 
before our eyes, attract the least notice of us. Some fellow, on 
being shown a forest before him, asked : " Where is the forest ? 

1 cannot see it, there are too many trees." " Why, my friend, these 
trees are what is called a forest," was the reply. " Oh, I have seen 
these trees long before this time," he rejoined, " is that all ?" 

Those, who are like him, will say, on reading of the power of wind 
and waterfall, in my " Paradise," &c. — " Oh, I knew all that long 
ere this : show me but your wonderful machines to do the proposed 
work — this is the mystery which you are unable to solve. When 
you will have made the machines, and in operation, I will come and 
see ; but until then, let me alone with any of your reasonings." — 
And thus they imagine to have fairly dismissed the subject. 

If such were the observation but of certain individuals or classes 
of people, we might dismiss them as mere idiots and not deem them 
deserving any further notice. But what shall I do, if this is the 
universal reception of my proofs? Why, if that is all I have to 
expect from my cotemporaries, not even any attention, not any 
examination, [ may as well cry in the wilderness, and reason with 
monkeys ; you confess then, it is quite as foolish in me to attempt 
reasoning with you. Science, reason, all proceeding from facts, 
have then no v/eightin the scale of your estimation. You want me 
first to make the machines and with them the paradise itself, before you 
will care for my arguments. You may wait then till doomsday, for 
I declare I am as little able to do all this myself as to build a palace, 
or a first rate ship, or make a railroad of a hundred miles with my 
own hands and means, though I know how to make them and prove 
their feasibility nearly as well as my machines and paradise. 

I am forced to these remarks ; for my " Paradise" has been before 
the American public and government these seven years, and before 
the British public these five years ; it lias been read by thousands, 
and come to the notice of hundreds of thousands — it proves by unde- 
niable plain facts what I assert in it, and solicits but examination, 
and all without effect — this speaks volumes. 

I published it not for amusement, hut for study and reflection and 
causing application to me for further communications. I defy the 
world to disprove my facts and arguments derived therefrom. 

When learning will descend from the heavens, and from the 



GENERAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SYSTEM. 9 

rubbish of ignorant, barbarous antiquity, down to the plain material 
substances of our present world — when the study of plain real things 
will be valued more than obscure words of indefinite meaning — 
when governments will think it their business to provide for the well 
being of the community and to investigate the means for it — then my 
" Paradise" and this present book will become the paramount object of 
inquiry and the first science of every man, woman and child, until 
they can show a more important, a more useful one. 

Must I then prove, that the productiveness of the earth, and the 
powers to cultivate it, are the chief, nay, the sole resources of human 
happiness ? — When you admit the truth of my proofs, that both the 
productiveness of the globe and the powers of nature exist in super- 
abundance, have your highly and profoundly learned schoolmasters 
cultivated your understanding so little, that you cannot draw any 
useful inference from these facts? — When you are taught how any 
portion you desire of those gigantic powers, in any place, can be 
made to cause any rotatory or vibratory motion of a wheel or shaft — 
can all this induce you to no conclusion, how then any machine may 
be connected with that wheel or shaft and receive the impulse of that 
power, which may thus be transferred from place to place and ren- 
dered operative on any machine? Could all these demonstrations of 
plain simple facts in my " Paradise" afford no ground to contrive then 
the adapted tools or machines for any mechanical purpose, or induce- 
any person, or aggregate of persons, high or low, rich or poor, 
learned or unleared, to comply with my request, to make themselves 
known to me and express their desire for a further communication 
on the minor details offered by me for the specified purposes, in case 
, they could not, or would not, supply them themselves ? 

Perhaps the following simile will help to understand my reasoning. 
Suppose somebody should come to a farmer and say ; " I have 
invented a glorious machine, that will plough all your lands ; so you 
need no longer leave your many hundred acres of woods and 
prairies idle ; my invention will plough them all." The farmer 
would probably be curious enough to see that useful invention ; and 
lo ! what should he behold ? — a number of ploughs joined together, 
to plough many furrows at once ! Upon this the farmer would justly 
ask: " What is to pull all these ploughs?" " Why what else," would 
the inventor say, " but your horses or oxen." " My friend," the 
farmer would observe, " what is the utility of your invention of joining 
ploughs together, if I have to apply to them my beasts and drivers 
as well as before ?" " But are not my ploughs very useful ?" the 
inventor might say — and the farmer : " Yes, but it is not from want 
of ploughs, that I leave waste my land, but for want of horses or oxen, 
of food for them, and of wages for men to attend to them, which 
requires a good deal of money. If I had them, I could easily do 



10 GENERAL ILLUSTEATIONS OF THE SYSTEM. 

without ploughs ; a limb of a tree shaped by me into a sort of hook 
would do the business then already, though good iron ploughs a little 
better." 

On the other hand, let us suppose, somebody should come to a 
farmer and tell him : " I have found a most useful animal, that is 
a hundred times stronger than a horse, is most obedient, has no self- 
will at all, will never die, never tire, but work day and night, for ever, 
it neither eats nor drinks, nor sleeps, nor is in any way burthensome; 
and with all these precious qualities it is very cheap, it costs nothing 
at all, and you may have as many of such animals as you like — one 
driver is enough to drive a number of these mammoth animals. Now 
you may farm all your lands and much more of your neighbours', if 
you choose, much cheaper with these animals than they can afford 
to do." Suppose the farmer would reply: " What is the use of these 
animals; show but the machine for the use of such strong animals, 
or else I care not for them." The discoverer of these animals, if he 
should happen to possess more sense than those, who cannot see the 
use of my powers, would have to reply : " Why, my friend, what 
great machine can it require to break and crumble your soil, for 
receiving the seed and admitting air and moisture, if you have 
strength enough and to spare ? Take a log, or a big harrow, with any 
sort of pricks or hooks, to hook and tear into the ground, and — put 
the strong animal before it — till you find somebody willing to accom- 
modate you with tools a little better." 

So it is with all the works of agriculture, and any other in, or 
upon, the ground ; they are the very simplest and coarsest of all 
human operations, but the most useful and universal of all. 

You have here the case of my " Paradise" and of the present work. 
My "Paradise" supplies you with the knowledge of powers and their 
management to render them operative on machines; my present 
book with that of mere tools. 

People of sound sense and inflection appreciate my " Paradise" 
above all things — no matter that its materials were not unknown 
before — idiots value my machine only as the principal thing, until 
they will discover, that my machine also contains nothing new, like 
my " Paradise," still does the business purposed. 

The value of my mechanical system consists then 

1. In having powers enough and gratuitously; 

2. In making them drive any stationary machine, and 

3. In making the stationary machine drive a locomotive. 

The first and second part is amply proved in my " Paradise," and 
the third pointed out in a general way, but will be minutely shown 
in the present book. 

A water wheel, or in defect of it, a windmill, drives a locomotive, 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 11 

called by me the Satelitc, which performs the preparatory and agri- 
cultural works. 

To create a constant power from an interrupted and irregular one, 
like wind, a windmill is to be erected, and by its power the Satclite 
to be driven, to form the elevated reservoir, and, if wanted, also a 
well. 

When this is done, more windmills may be erected around the 
reservoir, and each of them raise water from the well or other water 
below up to the elevated reservoir, by an endless chain of buckets, 
or otherwise, until the reservoir is full. Then a water wheel at an 
outlet of the reservoir, to be turned by a waterfall from it, is to be 
constructed, which, thereafter is to drive the Satelite,orany stationary 
machine. 

In cases where water can be collected into the reservoir from 
running water, from a higher ground, or from periodical rains, &c., 
the windmills will not be necessary. Such cases will occur on de- 
clivities of mountains, or in tropical regions during the rainy seasons 
almost any where. 

The water power may thus be obtained for ever, of any amount, 
for any place, being transferable to places of many miles distance, 
through canals or pipes. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

(1) The Windmill. 

To save all attendance of men, I suggest a horizontal one, which 
requires no adjusting to the wind, and as the simplest 1 can think 
of, the following : 
Fig. I. represents a vertical view from above, and 
Fig. II. a horizontal view of such a windmill ; 
" " 1, 2, 1, 2, ... . two beams crossing each other, and turn- 
ing at their centre on a pivot, at 1; 
" " 5, 3 — 5, 4, a similar cross parallel to the upper one ; 
Fig. I. and II. 7, 8, a ring with cogs, forming the centre of the cross 

5, 3—5, 4. 
Fig. II. 1, 5, a pillar, around which the ring, 7, 8, turns, on friction 
rollers, between them ; 
« » 2, 3 — 2, 4 — 6, 7 — 6, 8, bars to form frames with the two 
crosses 1, 2 . . . and 5, 3 — 5, 4. 
Fig. I. and II., a vertical cog wheel to be turned by the ring 7, 8 ; 



12 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

Fig. 1. and If. 10, 10 ... . planks or sails to fill said frames, each 
plank or sail at spindles a little above their middle, so that 
their lower parts being heavier, keeps them hanging in a 
vertical position ; 
" " 11, 11, ... . are bolts to stop the said sails in their vertical 
position, while the wind presses them on one side against 
them, and when their opposite sides are presented to the 
wind, their lower parts being the broadest, are lifted up by 
the wind, and kept in a horizontal position, presenting thus 
only their edges to the wind. 

The wings on one side of the windmill will thus be 

always shut, and receive the full force of the wind, while 

those on the opposite side are open, and let the wind pass 

through their interstices. 

Fig. II., 6, 2, 4, 8, represent a wing closed, and the opposite opened ; 

Fig. I., 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, ... . and ) areropes to strength - 

" II., 1, 3—1, 4—6, 2—6, 2—7, 3—8, 4 \ en the resistance of 

the wings ; 
« " 12, 13, the line of the horizon. 



(2) The means to form a Reservoir and Well, by an incompleted 

Satelite. 

Fig. I. and II., 9, 14, 15, a rope, its end at 9 wound around a roller, 
on the axle of the wheel 9 ; 

" " 14, a pully or roller, to give to the rope its direction want- 
ed, its pivot fixed into the ground : 

" " 15, 16, a carriage (called an incompleted Satelite) pulled 
by the rope 9, 14, 15 ; 

" " 18, a cylinder (instead of fore wheels) with pricks or 
spades ; 
Fig. I. and II., 19, a wheel of which the cogs or bars fit into the in- 
terstices of the rows of pricks of the cylinder 18, to clean 
them from dirt sticking between them ; 

" " 17, a scoop or scraper, to take up the earth broken loose 
by the cylinder 18 ; 
Fig. I., 20, a bar to steer or turn the carriage, by lifting and swing- 
ing its hind part ; 

" " 22, 23, 23, gradual position of the carriage in swinging 
around 14, at its arrival there, and progress in the line from 
23 to 20 while another rope is pulling around the roller 20 
and at 9, the former rope 14, 9, and the wheel 9, 7, being 
disengaged ; 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 13 

Fig. I. 24, the carriage in a third line parallel to the former, but 
opposite towards 26, being pulled in the same direction as 
at 15, 14, 9. 



Fig. III. the same carriage as 15, 16, I. and II., without scoop or 

scraper, instead of which, 
" " 1, 2, a diagonal log, before which the earth broken loosr 

by the cylinder with pricks, will accumulate and glide 

along it, from 1 to :.', where it is Left out of the track of the 

carriage. 
" " 2, 3, 4, 5, a plough, to rai^e the earth accumulated along 

the bank of the excavation on a grade of 1 to 2 ','• 

height and width ; 
" " 5, an inclined plane, its fore edge of iron, upon which the 

earth glides, while the carriage proceeds ; 
" " 3, 4, a board screwed ;agonal log, inclinhi_ 

to the higher grade, to press the earth ascending on the 

plane 5, and deposit it on the higher grade. 
Fig. IV. the profile of the commenced bank along the excavation ; 
" " 1, 2, the line of the horizon ; 
" " 3. the bank ; 
" " 4, first grade ; 
" " 5, second grade ; 
" » 6, the plough, fig. III. 2, 3, 4, 5. 
Fig. V. a front view of the cylinder 15, 16, fig. I. and II. withou: 

pricks and with two felloes eJgud of iron, to cut across 

small roots, fibres, &c. in, or on, the ground, in lines of 

every direction. 
Fig. VI. a profile of a well, in the different state of progressing 

excavation by the means described ; 
" " 1, the carriage; 
" " 1, 2, the rope pulling the carriage ; 
" " 3, 4, the line of the horizon ; 

" " 5, a position of the carriage in the progress of the work ; 
" " 4, 6, the rope pulling the carriage ; 
" " 3, 7, 4, the bottom of the excavation made ; 
" " 8, position of the carriage in the further progress of the work ; 
" " 4, 8, the rope pulling the carriage. 



Fig. VII. plan of a reservoir and well ; 
" " 1 , the reservoir : 



14 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

Fig. VII. 2, the well ; 

" " 3, the water wheel ; 

" " 4, 4, 4, 4, the dam ; 

" " 5, 5, 5, 5, the bottom of the ditch on a level with that 
of the well ; 

" " 6, 7 ... . the channels for leading raised water into the 
reservoir. The crosses represent the wind mills. 

" " 8, 9, the line in which is taken the profile. 
Fig. VIII. the profile of the reservoir's dam and ditch ; 

" " 1, 2, the line of the horizon ; 

« " 3, the bottom of the ditch ; 

" " 4, the top of the dam. 



(3) Contrivance to raise water. 

Fig. IX. endless chain of buckets ; 
" " 1, 2, the ring 7, 8, fig. I. and II. ; 
" " 3, 4, the vertical wheel 9, fig. 1. and II. ; 
" " 5, 6, a box, through which the chain of buckets runs ; 
" " 7 and 8, rollers, around which the chain winds, the upper 

one being a hollow tube ; 
' '« 7, 9, 10, 7, the buckets connected with each other by 

bolts merely. 
Fig. X. the vertical view of the same contrivance ; 
" « 1, 1, the wheel 1, 2, fig. IX. ; 
« « 3, 4, the wheel 3, 4, fig. IX. ; 
" " 5, C, the box 5, 6, fig. IX. ; 
" " 7, 7, the roller 7, 7, fig. IX. ; 
" " 8, 9, one bolt, 2 buckets. 
" " 11, 11, 8, 9 and 12, 12, space between two buckets, through 

which the water falls when arrived within the box 5, 6 ; 
" " 13, an opening for the water falling into the inside of the 

tube, which makes the roller 7, 7, fig. IX.; 
" " 12, 14, 14, 14, the outside of the roller 7, 7, fig. IX. ; 
" " 7, 7, 15, 15, the inside of the hollow roller ; 
" " 11, 16, the spindle of the same ; 
" " 17, 17, the pillar of fig. I. II. 1, 5, in which the said 

roller turns. 



(4) XI. Contrivance to use the full •power of a Water-fall of a 
great Height. 

« " 1, 2, the outlet of the reservoir ; 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERV. 15 

Fig. XI. 2, 3, the fall of the water through a tube ; 
" " 4, the water-wheel. 



(5.) THE SATELITE. 

A. To advance the Satelite by alternate pulling of two ropes. 

Fig. XII. represents a vertical view from above of a completed 

satelite ; 
Fig. XIII. a horizontal view to one side of the same, in a direction 

at right angles with it. 
Fig. XII. 1, 2, 3, 4, and ) the frame, with wagon wheels at its 
Fig. XIII. 1, 2, $ hind end; 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 5, 6, the cylinder with pricks or spades ; 
Fig. XIII. 7, 8, 9, three cogs, at each end of it, always one at 

one end between two of the other, at equal distance ; 
Fig. XII. and XIII. 10, 11, stokes to push at 8, with its prominence 
against one of the cogs 7, 8, 9, alternately at each end of 
the cylinder ; 
Fig. XII. 11, hinge of the said stokes in the balance beam 11, 12, 
Fig. XII. 
" « 13, 13, 13, 13, teeth of 

" " 13, 14, 13, a disk turning on a pivot at 17, to push fore 
and backward. 
Fig. XIII. 11, 12, balance beams; 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 15, 16, a long balance turning on the pivot at 
17, united with the disk 13, 14 by 
" " 18, a bolt, by which the position of the long balance may 
be accommodated to the direction of the ropes, as they alter, 
from time to time, shifting the holes for the bolt, 13, 14 ; 
" " 15, 16, pullies. 
" " 20, 21, two rollers, one above another, and detached 

from each other, turning on the pivot 17 ; 
« " 19, 15, 20, 22 and 19, 16, 20, 21, 23, two ropes, at 22 

and 23, wound around 
" " 24, 25 and 26, 27, a windlass, to wind on or off, by 
Fig. XIII. 23, 24, a handspike, the ropes for prolonging or shorten- 
ing them, as the distance of the Satelite may require. 
Fig. XII. and XIII. 27, wagon wheels to prevent the pricks from 
touching the ground, when not to be used ; 
" " 28, sticks to keep the propelling stokes in their directions. 
The alternate pulling of the ropes 19, 15 and 19, 16, will thus cause 



16 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

the cylinder 5, 6, to revolve, and, by it, the Satelite to 
advance. 



B. To steer the Satelite. 

Fig. XII. 3, 4, is an axle-tree ; 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 29, 30, a bar at its centre, 31, hinged with its 
centre, within a slit of the axle-tree, so that the bar may 
be turned, by a push of the conductor, at its pivot, from 
one side to the other while the axle-tree revolves. When 
the bar forms right angles with the axle-tree and being 
sunk with its fore end to the ground so as to stick 
against it, the progress of the Satelite makes it rise in a 
vertical position and stand on one end, and lift thus the hind 
part of the Satelite above the ground, which is to balance 
on the bar ; this is the moment, when the conductor has to 
push it on that side he wants, to alter the Satelite's direc- 
tion as required. 
« " 32, 33, or 34, 35 are the different directions to be given to 
the bar 29, 30. 



C. To break the Ground. 

The cylinder's pricks effect this already, for which purpose the 
wagon wheels 27, fig. XII. and XIII. are to be taken off. 

Fig. XII. 36, 36, represents stiff brushes of some elasticity, scratch- 
ing the sticking dirt from the interstices of the rows of the 
pricks or spades. 

Fig. XIII. 36, 1, 36, the space which the brushes may occupy; 

Fig. XII. 37, 37, a beam, or two beams, holding the handle of the 
brushes. 

Fig. XIII. 37, the line of the horizon. 



D. To Plough. 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 38, 38, a diagonal beam fixed in the frame, with 
plough shares, each screwed or bolted into it from below by 
two screws or bolts, the beam held between two blocks at 
each end, where it can be raised or lowered and fastened 
at will. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 17 



E. To pulverize and sift the Soil. 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 39, 39, a beam hinged in the frame. 
" " 39, 40, knives fastened into the beam 39, 39, forming tines 
of a comb, to cut into small pieces the clods. 

In their situation represented, they will also cut harder 
substances, as wood, stones, &c. When brought into the 
situation 39, 41, XIII. the objects, if hard, will pass over 
their upper edges, and may drop into a box behind the 
comb, as indicated between the lines 25, 26, XIII., to be 
emptied by the conductor from time to time. 

When in a vertical position 39, 42, the harder objects 
may be cut, or will accumulate before the comb, which 
may be turned the lower edge backward from time to time, 
to leave the sifted objects in a pile on the ground. 



F. To level the pulverized Soil. 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 43, is a log or board, which can be raised or 
lowered at will, in a fold at each end, to strike the surface 
of the ground at ;i proper level ; if raised at one end a little 
higher than at the other, it may give to the surface of the 
soil a gentle inclination so as to prevent stagnation of water. 



G. To Sow. 

Fig. XII. XIII. 44, is a board, its lower edge dentated, to strike 
small furrows or grooves into the prepared soil, for receiving 
the seed. 
" " 45, 45, a beam hinged at both ends on the frame : 
" " 46, 46, 47, the seed box, fastened at said beam ; 
Fig. XII. 48, 48, and i the bottom of said box with holes, or slits, 48 
Fig. XIII. 47, 47, \ to let the seed pass through. 
Fig. XII. 49, 49, 49, 49, a cylinder, its upper convexity fitting into 

the concavity of the lower side of the seed box ; 
Fig. XII. 50, 50, dotted lines, and > represent grooves to receive the 
Fig. XIII. 50, 50, \ seed from the seed box, drop- 

ping through the holes at the bottom, and from the grooves, 
by the cylinder's revolving, they will drop then into the 
furrows of the ground underneath, drawn by the dentated 
2 



18 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

board, 44. At the outside of the frame are wagon wheels, 
at the cylinder fixedly, and large enough to prevent the 
cylinder from touching the ground. 
Fig. XII. and XIII. 51, 51, a board to strike the ground and cover 
the seed with earth, either by levelling it, or with a dentated 
edge, draws furrows between the rows of the seed, to raise 
the soil above it. j, 



H. To extirpate Weeds, and dress the Soil between Plants. 

Fig. XIV. and XV. 1, 2, an axle tree ; 

Fig. XIV. 3, 4, — 3, 4, high wagon wheels ; 

Fig. XIV. and XV. 5,6, sticks each with a hole, through which passes 
the axle tree; 
" " 7, 8, the line of the horizon. 

This contrivance is to be put into the place of the cylinder, 
5, 6, XII. and XIII. The satelite is then to be so directed 
that the shovel ploughs pass between the rows of the plants, 
and the wheels are to be high enough that the axle tree 
passes above them. 



I. To Mow. 

Fig. XII. and XIII. 52, 53, a balance beam turning on the pivot 
« " 17, and bolted to the disk, 13, 14, at 14 or 18, to vibrate 

with the balance beam, 15, 16: 
" " 54, 55, the scythe, with four blades, their edges outward, 
and arched, to strike the objects in a very small and 
equal angle ; 
Fig. XII. 52, 56 and ) a vertical board to receive and throw to 

Fig. XIII. 52, 54, 55, 56, ] the side the objects cut; 
Fig. XII. 57, 57, 58 and i fa 
Fig. XIII. 54, 57, 55, $ nones * 

<c « 52, 57—56, 57—58, 56—58, 52 and ) handles of the 

Fig. XII. 54, 57 — 57, 55 \ hones swinging at 

" » 52. 56 and } hinges, at each swing of the scythc y to strike 

Fig. XIII. 57 \ on the edge of the blades, to keep them 

sharp, if too much, the hones' weight is to be decreased, if 

too little, increased. 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 19 

J. To gather and remove the Crops. 

Fig. XII. 59, the bottom of a cart ; 

" " 60, 60 — 61, 62, side boards, of triangular form, the back- 
side high ; 

" « 60, 62, back boards; 

" " 60, 61, a log with teeth in front, to take the objects up from 
between the stubbles ; 

" " 63, 63, wheels ; 

" " 64, 65, bars to fasten the cart to the satelite. 



K. To hammer. 

Fig. XVI. a side view, i of horizontal pieces to be fixed in the 

Fig. XVII. a back view, \ frames, XII, XIII, 

Fig. XVI. 1, 2, spindles to turn in the places 17, 66, XII. and 1, 66, 

XIII; 
Fig. XVII. 2, 1, 2, is the beam I, 2, XII. and 1, XIII. 

All the tools for agriculture are to make place for this 
contrivance, 
Fig. XVI. and XVII. 3, 4, a piece of the disk 13, 14, XII. and XIII. 
" « 5, 5, the teeth 67, 67 , X 1 1 .: 

" " 6, 7, a cog between them, turning at a pivot in a mortice at 
7, XVI. fore and backward : 
Fig. XVI. 7, 8, a counterpoise to 6, 7, to move it out of the teeth 5, 
5, by sinking into the position, 
" " 7, 9 and 7, 5, respectively, unless drawn by 
" " 6, 10, a cord, 
Fig. XVI. and XVII, 10, 11, a beam mortised on 1, 2, XVI., to be 

slided on it at will, by shifting in the holes, 
Fig. XVI, 12, the bolt, 

Fig. XVI. and XVII, 13, a sledge, hammer or wedge of adapted 
weight, its lower part of iron. 
By one swing of the balance beam 15, 16, XII. XIII. the cog 6, 
7, XVI. XVII. is pushed to one side, and thereby the hammer lifted 
up in the position 11, 10, 13, XVII., at the opposite swing the cog 7, 
6 falls back in the position 7, 5, XVI. and disengages thus the ham- 
mer, which then falls down, on the object, or on a wedge placed into 
the spot intended. The repetition of these blows on the same spot 
must break any object. The handle may be perforated with a series 
of holes to shift the hammer's place on it, and the handle also along 
the beam, 1, 2, XVI. and also from one to the other side of the 
2* 



20 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

satelite, so that the extent of the hammer's operation may be from one 
to two rods square at each side and more, without moving the 
satelite from its place. When thus 6 to 10 square rods are operated 
upon, the satelite may proceed to another stand. 



L. To Saw. 

Fig. XVII. the same contrivance, except the hammer 13, 

" " 14, 15, a bar, joined to 

" " 16, 17, another bar, part of it a cylindrical box, into 
which fits 

" " 17, 16, a cylindrical stick, with 

« « 18, 19, a slit, fitting to 
Fig. XVII, 18, 20, a crosscut saw, held by a bolt at 19, at 17 is a 
screw to fix the stick 17, 18 in its box ; this is to bring and 
fix the saw in any inclination desired, 

" " 20, the object to be sawed, lying on the ground, 

" « 21, 22, the line of the horizon. 

In this operation the cog 6, 7, XVI. and XVII. remains in its posi- 
tion fixed: the beam 1,11, XVII., is to vibrate from one side to the 
other, to move on the ground back and forward the beam 14, 15 
with the saw, which the conductor has to direct at 20 at the com- 
mencement of the cut. The bolts at 1,2, XVI. XVII. in both beams 
14, 15 and 1, 11 may be shifted in their holes respectively, and 
thereby, the operation extended along each side of the satelite and 
distanced from it to an area of two rods long and two to four rods 
broad on both sides, or of about eight to sixteen square rods, without 
moving the satelite from the spot. Thus this saw may cut lying or 
standing trees and stumps, and also, with blunter teeth, rocks. 

To cut wood (trees, stumps, roots, &c.) and rocks out of the 
ground and in rectangular shapes, the same contrivance may be 
changed into the following : 

Fig. XVIII., 14, 15, the bar, and 17, 20, the saw, with its joining 
piece, 16, 17, to be removed, and in its stead, 

" " 23, 24, a bar connecting the bar, 1,11, with 

" " 25, 26, which bar, with the two others 

" « 26, 27, and 26, 28 holds 

" " 27, 25, 28, 29, 31, 30, a saw blade, its toothed edge form- 
ing an arch of a circle, of which 

" " 32, the centre hangs in a pin, fastened into 

" " 33, 34, a beam, fastened on a side beam of the satelite's 
frame, and may slide on it, 

« " 35, 34, at the end of 33, 34, is a cylindrical stick turning 
in a box, and to be screwed tight by a screw, 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 21 

Fig. XVIII. 36, by which means the saw may be brought and fixed 
into any inclination. The vibratory motion of this saw 
being an arch, sufficiently great, of a circle, so that alter- 
nately one or the other end of 29 and 30 comes out of 
the cut and above the ground, throws the saw dust out of it 
at each move. 
" " 26, 32, is a slit, through which the bolt 35 passes easily, 
that the weight of the saw may press with its edge upon 
the object to be cut sufficiently while progressing. 



M. How to cut Trees, Stumps, Roots, Stones, <$pc, out of the ground 
by the latter contrivance. 

Fig. XVIII. and XIX., shows oblique incisions of the saw, crossing 
each other, to detach the object from the ground. 

Fig. XVIII., 1, 2, the line of the horizon, 
" " 3, 4, a stump or tree, 

u « 5 ? 6 _5 ) 7 _8, 7_6, 10—7, 10—9, 15—10, 14—15, 14 
—3, 13—25, 13—3, 11—10, 11—13, 12—11, 12—11, 
21—14, 21—14, 19—21, 20,-14, 21—19, 20—16, 19 
—18, 22,-17, 16—16, 23—15, 16—24, 23—23, 22 in- 
cisions, one after another in the order of succession as 
enumerated, to take out the whole piece 25, 13, 12, 11, 21, 
20, 18, 23, 24, cutting the same at each end vertically suc- 
cessively. 

Fig. XIX., a rock to be sawed out of the ground in rectangular 
pieces. To be effected in a similar way as fig. XVIII. and 
the dotted lines in XIX., show. 



N. To notch Rocks, Sfc. 

Fig. XX. and XXL, rectangular pieces of rocks, viewed from differ- 
ent sides 

" " 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6, 7, 8, the profile of two such rocks, 
notched, 

" " 9, 10, 11, .... incisions across reliefs 12, 13 — 12, 13, 
which fit into the incisions of other stones, 

" " 14, 14, 14, 14, reliefs that have at their respective centres 
an incision across, not visible here, 

" " 15 is such an incision, 
Fig. XXL, 1, 2, a relief crossed in its centre by 

" " 3, 4, an incision, 



22 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

And so on every side alternately, which being but straight cuts, 
can be effected all by the saw 18, 20, fig. XVII. 

Such stones (or logs) being joined close together so that their 
reliefs and grooves alternately fit into each other cannot slide either 
way. 



G. To raise objects high upon a particular spot. 

Fig. XVII., the contrivance for raising the hammer 13, may also be 
used for raising any object, it being attached in the place 
of the hammer, for which purpose the beam 1, 11, is to be 
proportionately long. 



P. To pull down Trees, and other objects out of the Ground. 

Fig. XXII. 1, 2, a standing tree, 

" " 3, 4, the line of the horizon, 

" " 2, 5 — 2, 5, may be incisions previously made by the saw 
fig. XVII., to weaken the trees' resistance, except when it is 
desired to take its root out of the ground at once with it, 

" " 6, 7, an iron hook fastened by a rope wound around 

" " 7, 8, a light pole, sticking at eight against the ground, 

" " 7, 9, a strong rope or chain, fastened to 

" " 4, 5, a piece of the hind part of the Satelite, while this is 
moving from the tree the rope 9, 7 is pulled, the pole 6, 8 
raised with its hook, when high enough, the conductor 
directs it sideways to clasp the tree, then kicks the end 8 
on the ground off the ground, and the force of the Satelite 
pulls the rope at the hook 6, 7, while the pricked cylinder 
of it takes firm hold into the ground like anchors, until the 
tree 1, 2, comes into the position 2, 10, when its own 
weight finishes its fall. 
The hook may be applied also for pulling roots, stones, &c., out 
of the ground. 



Q. To make any Excavation, Elevation, or Applanation. 

After all the impediments of wood or rocks are cleared by the 
a r ore described means, a scoop or scraper is to be put in the room 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 23 

of the agricultural or other tools, such as described of the incom- 
pleted Satelite, fig. I. and II., 17, or, for linear excavations or eleva- 
tions of the ground, apply the diagonal leg as described of the in- 
completed Satelite, fig. III., and indicated also in fig. XII., 11, 68, 
together with the plough described of fig. III. and IV. and fig. XII.. 
68, 69, 70. 



R. To make small Ditches. 

The same plough is to be placed in the middle of the Satelite's 
frame, as indicated by the dotted lines 67, 71, 72, 73, fig. XII. the 
pricks or spades of the cylinder may be taken out, except in its 
middle for the width of the ditch, to break the earth loose for it ; the 
plough will then scoop the earth out and leave it along on one side 
of the ditch ; then a return in the same track may increase the ditch 
and leave the earth on the other side of the ditch. 



S. To level the Earth. 

A transversal log as described and indicated of the fig. XII. 
and XIII. by 43, will effect it, by passing and repassing the Satelite 
in the same track, which at each time breaks, by the pricked cylinder, 
more soil loose, while the said logs shoves it before itself ahead, fill- 
ing thereby hollow places underneath, and lowering eminences 
gradually. 



T. To form Terraces on Declivities. 

The diagonal log 11, 3, fig. XII. is to be applied while the Satelite, 
by putting a log or higher wheels on the lower side of the slope, is 
kept level — the earth will then be'broken loose by the pricks of the 
cylinder on the higher side, and shoved off" by the said log to the 
lower, and the repetition continued of this operation until the terrace 
has its desired level. 



U. To operate in Water or Mud. 
The same contrivance as described in the respective cases, are 



24 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

used, only with the addition of a high place for the conductor to be 
above water on the Satelite. 



V. To excavate Mines. 

- 

Vertical pits are to be made by the Satelite in the same mode 
as described for excavating wells, fig. IV. 

Horizontal shafts may be excavated by the hammer, fig. XVII., 
13, driving a wedge by its fall into the earth or rock, ahead of the 
satelite — and the objects thus broken loose to be dragged out by a 
hooked scraper. 



(6) THE CONNECTING MEANS BETWEEN THE SATE- 
LITE AND THE STATIONARY POWER. 

The ropes fig. XII. and XIII. pulling at the balance's 15, 16,ends 
run to a roller. 

Fig. XXIV., 1, turning on a pivot fixed in the ground, 
" " 2, 3, represents the Satelite, 
" " 4, 1, 5, the agitating ropes which are wound several times, 

to prevent slipping, at 1, 
" " 1, 6 — 1, 7, another rope wound upon the same roller, be- 
low the other, 
" " 6, 8 — 7, 9, wires, or wooden poles, or chains, lying on the 
ground, or on rollers at proper intervals, as indicated at 
Fig. XXIV. 10, 10, .... to diminish friction. 

The wires are composed of convenient pieces, which at 
their ends are joined together in the mode indicated by 
Fig. XXVII. 3, 4, two rings to pass into the position 
" " 1, 2, knocked by a few hammer-strokes on, for joining, and 
off, for disjoining the pieces, 
Fig. XXIV. 11,11,.... indicate the joints of such pieces, at 
" " 12, 12, ropes or chains are attached to connect the wires 

with 
" " 8, 9, a balance beam, turning horizontally on a pivot at 

13, which is fixed in the ground, 
" " 14, 15, another balance beam on the same pivot, 
" " 16, 17, a bar to connect both balances, for shifting the 
balance's (8, 9,) direction, whenever the direction of the 
wire lines, are to be altered, 
" " 15, 18, a pole, at 15 on a pin, at 18 on a crank of 



DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 25 

Fig. XXIV. 19, 20, a wheel turned by the stationary powers, 
" " 21 , 2 1 , a bridge over the wires, consisting of a board to be laid 
over whenever the Satelite is to cross the wire line. 



Fig. XXIII. a cart to support the ropes of the Satelite, for the pur- 
pose that they do not touch the ground while sweeping 
over it, 
" " 2, 7, 5, a front view > horizontal) 
' » " 10, 12, 14, a side view $ , 

" " 8 and 9 and 11, 12, wagon wheels, 

« « 8, 9 and 15 the axle tree, crossed by 

« « 13, 14, a pole with small wheels at its ends 13 and 14, 

« « 2, 7, and 5, 7, 10, 11, and 16, 17, two poles, hinged on 

the pole 13, 14, 
« « 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6, the ropes, supported by the poles, which 
vibrate on their hinges as the ropes are pulled back and 
forward 
« " 18, 19, the line of the horizon. 

The cart to be as light as possible, the wheels 13, 14 being smaller 
than the other two, the foremost of them will only touch the ground, 
and by it incline the poles 10, 11 and 16, 17 forward, which will 
guide in consequence, by their being dragged by the sweeping ropes 
of the Satelite, the cart in concentrical course. 

The slackness of these ropes may be at the rate of sinking, one-tenth 
of their length between their points of support ; consequently, if the 
supporting poles be 20 feet high, the height of the ropes at the 
Satelite, 4 feet, the distance between the 

Satelites and the cart may be then, 4X 10 + 20X 10ft.=240 feet, 
From that cart to the second cart, 2 X 20 X 10ft. =400 

From the second to the third cart, " =400 

From the third cart to the roller 1, fig. XXIV, =200 

In all 1240 feet. 
The utmost distance be only 1000 feet, which will then require two 
or three carts. 



(1) PROCEEDING OF THE SATELITE WITHIN THE EX- 
v TENT OF ITS ROPES. 

Fig. XXIV, represents, by the dotted lines, the beginning of the 
Satelite's track, which may be in a spiral line, if the ter- 
rain presents no obstacles to it, if otherwise, any other 
found the most convenient, may be chosen. As the Satelite 



26 DESCRIPTION OF THE MACHINERY. 

removes from the centre 1 , carts to support the ropes, are to 
be used, till the Satelite reaches its utmost distance of about 
1000 feet. 
Such an extent of grourid, I call an Orbit. If the Orbit be cir- 
cular and its radius 1000 feet, its area will be about 70 acres. 



(8) PROCEEDING OF THE SATELITE WITHIN THE EX- 
TENT OF THE WIRE-LINE. 

Fig. XXV. represents all the Orbits within the compass of the wire line, 

" " 1, a reservoir, within its wind-mills and buildings around it, 

" " 2, the well, 

" " 3, the water power, 

" " 4, 4, Orbits, 18 in this case, each may be of about 

70 acres, in all 1330 acres, 

" " 5, 6, wire lines in activity, 

" << 6, 7, ropes, 

" " 7, the Satelite. 

The dotted lines the direction and extent of the wire lines for each 
Orbit, one after another in succession being operated upon. 

To shift the wires and Satelite from one Orbit to the next, a roller, 
like that 1, fig. XXIV. is to be ready in the next intended Orbit, 
also the wires to its centre from the water power — then the Satelite is 
to move to the skirt of the new Orbit — then its ropes to be detached . 
from the centre of the old Orbit, and ropes from the centre of the new 
one to connect the Satelite with the new centre, and thus the con- 
nection between the Satelite through the centre of the new Orbit, 
to the water power being effected, the Satelite begins to move in the 
new Orbit. The wire lines need, as the figure XXV. shows, never 
extend beyond the second Orbit, or the length of 4000 feet. The 
wires around the reservoir may be stationary. All the Orbits together 
within the reach of the wires, and depending for their power from 
the same centre, I call a Circuit. 



(9) THE EXTENT OF OPERATION OF ONE PRIMARY 
• STATIONARY POWER. 

If the. primary power be the power of wind mills, the reacting or 
secondary power is that of a waterfall. 

If a waterfall is used already, without being created by wind 
power, the primary power is this waterfall itself. 

In both cases, any power derived from one and the same reservoir 
at a distance, I call a secondary power. 



DEMONSTRATIONS. 



27 



Each Circuit is to have at its centre, a stationary power, which 
may be a secondary one, derived from a distant reservoir through a 
canal or pipe. 

It follows, that a number of Circuits may have one common 
reservoir, supplying the centre of each Circuit with a water power, 
driving a water wheel. 

The extent of land for one primary power, whether it consist 01 
one or more Circuits, I call a Dominion. 

Fi". XXVI. represents a Dominion, each hexagon of it a Circuit, to 
the number of 55, each may be about 1400 acres, in all 
about 80,000 acres, with a radius of about eight or nine 
miles, each Circuit having one mile for its radius. 

The lines from centre to centre of each Circuit indicate the 
feeding canals or pipes, to be conducted between the Orbits, in a 
serpentine direction in consequence, to avoid needless obstruction to 
the tracks of the Satelite. . . 

As one Satelite may cultivate 20,000 acres, such a Dominion 
would then require four Satelites. I call the extent of the operation 
of one Satelite a Range. 

A Range may be in more than one Dominion, and consist of 
connected 3 or unconnected Circuits. Circuits or Orbits ought to be 
as regularly, and nearly circularly, shaped as possible, for the sake 
of economy of time and expense. 

The forms of Ranges and Dominions are regulated but by local 
circumstances. 



DEMONSTRATIONS. 



§ 1. If the Satelite's track is one rod wide, and it moves two miles 
per hour, it ploughs in one hour 4 acres, in twenty-four hours, 96 or 
nearly 100 acres, and in one hundred days 10,000 acres ; if moving 
four miles per hour, in one hundred days, 20,000 acres. 

§ 2. If the Satelite moves with a sithe of two and a half rods in 
radius, with a sweep of five rods, and moves six miles per hour, it 
will mow in one hour 5 X 12 = 60 acres, in twenty-four hours 1440 
acres, and allowing one-sixth of the time for shifting the Orbits, 

remain 1200 acres for one day, and for 20,000 acres 120() = 

17 days, say 20 days. 

§ 3. Suppose the crop of one acre to weigh five tons ; the crops 
of 20,000 acres will weigh 100,000 tons. 



28 DEMONSTRATIONS. 

If the Satelite carry 20 tons for each load, the number of loads 
will be for 100,000 tons 5000. 

The radius of the Orbit to be 1000 feet, about equal to the 
average distance to the places of deposit, in the corners between the 
Orbits, makes 2000 feet for each transport. To remove the crops 
of 20,000 acres will then require 5000 X 2000 feet, or nearly 2000 
miles to travel with the Satelite. If this be done at the average rate 
of four miles per hour, the removal of 20,000 acres will require 
20,000 , . ,-■ 

-^2i da y s = 20 da Y s nearly. 

§ 4. Suppose the agriculture should require a second ploughing 
between the plants for extirpating weeds, &c. 

The shovel ploughs (fig. XIV.) may be extended one-half rod 
further at each side, in all to two rods across the Satelite's track, and 
the Satelite move at the rate of six miles per hour, it will plough 
then in one hour 24 acres, in 24 hours 576 acres, allowing one-sixth 
of the time for shifting the Orbits, about 500 acres, per day, and for 

20,000 acres it would require then -^7.— days=40 days. 

§ 5. The cultivation of 20,000 acres, inclusive mowing, gathering 
and removing the crops, will then be done, 

for the first ploughing (§ 1.) in 100 days, 

" mowing (§ 2.) 20 " 

" gathering and removing crops (§ 3.) 20 " 

in all 140 days 

If a second ploughing of 20,000 acres be done (§ 4.) 40 « 



then in all, 180 days. 

This leaves then about one-half of the year for other operations, 
not belonging to agriculture. 

§ 6. If in soil, cleared from all impediments and softened by proper 
irrigation, one plough will be drawn by one horse, and sixteen ploughs 
be carried by the Satelite, the ploughing of the Satelite would be effected 
by sixteen horses at the rate of about four miles per hour. The 
power to be added for turning the pricked cylinder will be gained in 
ploughing since that operation has then broken the ground. The 
hind part of the Satelite may be made not to exceed two tons' weight, 
and being on wheels, would require less than four horses' power in addi- 
tion. Allowing further for the operation of the comb, levelling and 
sowing eight horses' power, and for friction, though very trifling, 
four horses' power, the whole requisite power would amount to 
16 + 4 + 8 + 4 horses' power =32 horses' power. But say fifty 
horses' power. 



DEMONSTRATIONS. 29 

§7. If one horse's power is equal to 2001b. raised, or removing a 
resistance equal to it, two feet per second, it follows, that 50 horses' 1 
power is equal to the raising of 200 X 501b= 10,0001b 2 feet per 

second, and, if at the rate of 4 miles per hour or about feet 

v 60X60 

= 6 feet per second, the same power of 100001b at 2 feet is equal to 

lb= 34001b. nearly at 6 feet per second. 

6 

§ 8. If the motion of the ends of the balance beam (fig. XII. and 

XIII., 15, 16) be made 10 times as great (by the proportion of the 

balance's length) as that of the advancement of the Satelite, the 

force required will be (§ 7.) — -— = 340 lb., say 400 lb. 

§ 9. The tendency of swinging the Satelite at its hind wheels, by 
the pull of the ropes at the balance beam's ends, will be in the inverse 
ratio of the wheel's distance from the fulcrum, at the pivot of said 

balance, which being shorter, it may be rated at 400 X — = 300 lb. 

which is less than the weight of the hind part of the satelite requires 
to move it sideways. But if it were not, it might be increased, and 
besides the felloes of the hind wheels might be made sharp so as to 
cut into the ground. 

§ 10. The ropes pulling at the said balance beams' ends, having 
to overcome but 400 lb. weight or resistance (§ 8.) will be sufficient 
of one half to one inch diameter. 

Their weight for the maximum of their length (of 1000 feet) will 
then be about 150 to 600 lb. 

§ 11. If these ropes are carried by three carts at intervals, each 
will have to carry less than 50 to 200 lb. of the rope. If each cart 
weighs 100 lbs. the total weight of all three carts and loads will be 
then 450 to 900 lb. The rate of their run will be in proportion to 
their distance from the orbit's centre (1 fig. XXIV.) and the average 
rate of all three carts then about one half of that of the Satelite. Sup- 
pose 900 lb, drawn on wheels at a common horse's walk (i. e. of the 
Satelite's motion) be done by one horse ; the half of that rate of 
motion will then require one half horse's power, and 450 lb. one quar- 
ter of one horse's power. 

The additional power requisite to move along the three carts and 
their ropes is, therefore, less than one horse's power, or at most one 

quarter to a half horse's power, i. e. — to — of the whole power. 

§ 12. An iron wire of one line or one-twelfth of an inch in diameter 
can bear about 3001b. before it tears, being suspended at one end. If the 
wire be one-quarter of an inch in diameter, it will bear then 3 X 3 X 



30 DEMONSTRATIONS. 

300 lb. = 2700 lb; the weight it has to sustain in the pulls at the 
Satelite is 400 lb. (§8) or nearly one-seventh of its strength. 

§13'. If the utmost extent of the wire lines (fig. XXV.) be 4000 
feet, the two wires then 8000 feet long, and a quarter of an inch in 

o 

, . ,., .„ , ,U X 3.141... X 8000 = 3141 

diameter their solid contents will be ( — ) — -, — — , 

^8' 144 1152 

cubic feet, or about 2 and three-fourths cubic feet. Suppose one cubic 
foot of iron to weigh about 500 lb., the wires will then weigh 
2^X500 lb. = 1375 lb. 

Suppose the component pieces 20 feet long each, and at each joint 
to be added two rings and two light wheels of 6 — 8 inches in diame- 
ter, in all weighing 1 lb., the number of joints being then = 

*u 

400, their additional weight will be 400 lb. 

The weight of the wires and appurtenances, in their utmost extent, 
will then be 1375 + 400 = 1775 lb., say 1800 lb. 

§ 14. According to experiments of Mr. Bevan, British engineer, 
a load on wheels on a sandy road is moved by one-fifth of its weight, 
and on a beaten gravel road by one-thirt) r -third of its weight. Con- 
sequently the weight of the wires, being 1800 lb. (§ 13.) would require 

in the first case —— = 360 lb., or nearly as much power again as 

the satelites motion, and in the second case = 551b., or about 

oo 

one-eighth of the same power in addition. 

In the first case the aggregate power for the Satelite would be 

50 
50 + 50=100 horses' power; in the second case only 50 + — =56 

8 

horses' power. The roads for the wire lines are but a few inches 
wide, and may easily, and by but one passage of the Satelite with a 
narrow roller bearing the whole weight of the Satelite, be compressed 
as hard and level as any beaten gravel road. 

The aggregate power at the water wheel, with the addition of one 
half horse's for the ropes (§ 11.) would then be fifty-six and a half 
horses', say 60 horses' power. 

§ 15. The sum of power required will not be altered, if the motion 
of the pulls be made shorter and slower, which may be done by 
making the diameter of the lower part of the roller 1, fig. XXIV. less, 
than the upper one for the ropes, to produce the same effect, though 
ihc wires arc then to sustain a proportionate greater strength and to 
be thicker; for the increase of weight will be balanced by the decrease 
of motion in proportion. Say for instance, instead of a quarter, half 
inch the diameter of the wires, their weight then 4x 1375 (§ 13.) + 



DEMONSTRATIONS. 31 

400=5900 lb. their motion will be but one-quarter of that in the 
former cases (§ 74.) stated. — To cause a slower vibration of 
longer stokes or pulls, and accelerate the Satelite's motion too, at 
will, the diameter of the pricked cylinder may be increased, or an 
intermediate cogwheel between the propelling stokes and the cylinder 
be applied so as to make the latter revolve a greater portion of its 
circumference at each stroke. 

§16. Suppose the water-fall 35 to 40 feet deep, its descent in the 
water wheel six feet per second ; one cubic foot of water will then, 
sinking six feet per second, balance the raising of three cubic feet, two 
feet per second and be about equal to one horse's power, and the sixty 
horses' power will require sixty cubic feet at that rate of descent in 
a water wheel of about thirty feet in diameter. 

§ 17. If one third of the wheel's circumference, or about 30 feet, 
carries water to the amount of 60 cubic feet, it will make for each 
foot's length 2 cubic feet, and if for each foot's length one bucket ? 
being in the form of a wedge, the buckets will have to be about two 
feet deep, by nearly two and a half feet's breadth. 

§ 18. The water required for 60 horses' power is„»hen, at the rate 
of filling 6 buckets each of 2 cubic feet, or 12 cubic feet, per 
second; consequently in 24 hours 12x60x60x24=1,036,800, 
say 1,000,000 cubic feet, and in 30 days 30,000,000 cubic feet. 

5 19. Suppose, for example, one reservoir for four Ranges or 
about 80,000 acres, as fig. XVI. represents ; it will have to spend in 
30 days 4X 30,000,000 cubic feet= 120,000,000 cubic feet of wuLur. 
If the depth of the reservoir be 20 feet, its area will have to be for 

that case ~ ' ' — square feet = 6,600,000 square feet; if a 

square, each side will be 2500 feet nearly, its area in acres 136. 
The square for its enclosure will be about 100 feet broad, this will 
make its outside 2,700 feet long, its area, inclusive 

enclosure, 158 acres, say 160 acres, which is ^ n „„„ = irx-„ of the 
J 80,000 500 

whole Dominion. If the height of the reservoir be twice as great 

or 60 feet, its area will have to be the half of it, or about —— — of 

the Dominion. 

§ 20. The evaporation is in the hottest and driest days one-third 
of an inch, which would be in thirty days ten inches, which is of 

10 1 

the whole mass of water in the reservoir — — 77;=;^ 

20X12 24. 

5 21. If the average power of one windmill, as described, be 
equal to twenty horses' power, it follows, that the supply of water 
for sixty horses' power would, in case no calm should exceed thirty 



32 DEMONSTRATIONS. 

daj's, require three such wind-mills, and for all four Ranges twelve 
wind-mills, which are indicated at the figure of the reservoir. But 
they may be increased to any number required. 

§ 22. The beginning of the Satelite's operation is to be made on the 
highest spot of the intended Dominion, by a windmill previously 
erected, in case no water power exist already near it. The clearing 
of the ground of the projected reservoir from trees, &c, is the first 
operation, if not free of them already. This, as well as all other 
operations of the Satelite,is to be effected in Orbits. 

J 23. The Satelite begins at the outside of the Orbit in one of the 

corners between the Orbits, and proceeds in a strait line to the 

centre of the Orbit, tearing down trees, sawing them into convenient 

pieces and removing them into that corner as close together as well 

feasible, always taking a small patch at a time, till having cleared the 

road to the centre. Then the Satelite may tear down a row of trees 

on both sides of this avenue, and when come round to the same 

spot of its commencement, saw one tree after another in as small 

pieces as necessary for removal, and remove the pieces to the same 

corner. Thus'ft continues tearing down, sawing and removing the 

trees, &c, always taking a row of about forty feet's width, until 

reaching the two next corners, to which then the pieces are removed, 

in the further progress, and so on till the whole Orbit is cleared all 

around the centre. 

5,24. Suppose the Satelite moves during the operation -of pulling 

down trees, at the rate of five hundred feet per hour, pulling down 

every tree one after another within a track forty feet wide, this 

will make for every hour, 40 X 500=20,000 square feet=73 square 

rods ; if the area of the Orbit be seventy acres,and the half of the 

three surrounding corners about ten acres, the whole area to be 

cleared for one Orbit will be eighty acres, of which the uprooting of 

.. , -n ' , • 80X160 ,„ , 

all the trees will consequently require — — — = 175 hours or 

about seven days. 

§ 25. Suppose the Satelite extends its sawing operations at each 

of its stands to one rod in length and two and a half rods in breadth, 

and performs them in ten minutes ; eighty acres will then require for 

80X160 n . 

tfls sawing operations — —r X 10 minutes=36 days. 

2-2 

§ 26. For hauling the trees, &c, to the respective corners of the 

Orbit, the mean distance may be estimated at four hundred feet, 

which to and fro makes eight hundred feet, for each voyage, of 

which ten may be then performed in one hour. If each stand 

(5 25.) of the Satelite's operation of sawing should require one 

voyage for the removal of the trees, &c, within its two and a 



DEMONSTRATIONS. 33 

half square rods, the time for eighty acres would then be for all 

removals -r-, — —-=512 hours=22 days nearly. 
2^X10 

$ 27. The Satelite may then travel over all the area of the Orbit 
to hook out of the ground the remaining smaller roots and stones, 
&c. If this be done at the rate of one half mile per hour, it will make 
one acre per hour, and the seventy acres of land of the Orbit 
will require seventy hours or nearly three days, and supposing the 
removal of the objects out of the Orbit to require six days more ; 
this will make in all nine days for one Orbit. Occasionally the 
hammer may be used. 

§ 28. The sharply edged rings at the ends of the pricked cylin- 
der, fig. V. may be used in all these operations. 

§ 29. The Satelite may then travel once more over all the Orbit, 
ploughing and tearing out of the ground and sifting the small rem- 
nants of roots, &c, and depose them in piles along its track. If 
this be done at the rate of one and a half miles per hour, it will take 
for seventy acres one day. 

§ 30. The Satelite may then level the ground, in taking off the 
prominences and filling the deeper places, by passing and repassing 
with the pricked cylinder and the transversal board. 

Suppose the mean difference between the higher and lower places; 
be ten feet, the mean of it then five feet, the height taken off and 
filled with it lower places six inches at each passage ; it will require 
then 10 passages ; if this be the case all over the Orbit of seventy 
acres, and the Satelite move at the rate of four miles per hour, it 

70 

will make for each passage — = 9 hours, and for ten passages ninety 

8 

hours or about four days. 

§ 31. The ditches for irrigation, and the trenches with their banks 
around the Orbit for fences are then to be made. Suppose the 
ditches for irrigation to run in a spiral line four rods apart, they 
will then be about nine miles long, and be run with a single caving 
plough as indicated fig. XII. 71.72, 73 in two hours, and back, in 
two hours, in all four hours. The trenches and dams for enclosure 
around the Orbit are about six thousand feet long, and the bottom and 
top respectively of both equal to the width of the Satelite's track, or 
eighteen feet, and four feet at most below and above the level, forming 
thus a dam eight feet high. If each passage of the Satelite takes 
but two inches out of the trench, and another passage puts the same 

48 48 
upon the bank along (by the diagonal log), it will require— X — = 

48 passages, each six thousand feet. If two are performed in one 
hour, it will take twenty-four hours for the whole. On the outward 
3 



34 DEMONSTRATIONS. 

slopes of the trench and dam, and also the top of the latter may be 

planted useful and ornamental hedges, to consolidate the dam and 

increase the impediment to the access of animals. 

§ 32. All the preparatory works of one Orbit, to change wild 

woods into a perfect garden, consist then, 

According to § 24, for pulling down the trees, 7 days, 

" " 25, " sawing " 36 " 

" " 26, « hauling " 22 " 

" " 27, " taking away smaller objects, 9 " 
" " 29, " rough ploughing, 1 " 

" " 30, " levelling. ' 4 " 

" " 31, " ditching, 1 « 



in all 80 days. 

§ 33. The preparatory works on prairies, or cleared lands, will 
be reduced to, 

according to § 29, for rough ploughing, 1 day, 

" " 30, " levelling, ' " 4 " 

" " 31, « ditching, 1 " 



in all 6 days, 

§ 34. The formation of the reservoir will generally consist in 
forming a dam around its place, which at most needs to be twenty 
feet high, with a ditch at its outside of thirty feet deep, as the figure 
VII. shows. Suppose the Satelite takes at each passage but one 
inch of soil away in the ditch, and that it requires, in an average, 
two other passages, to shove and raise that loose earth over to the 
place of the dam, as described, by the diagonal log 11, 68, fig. XII. ; 
for each half inch, three passages, makes for twenty feet, 3x 20 X 
12=720 passages. At each half foot's rise of the dam, the Satelite 
may pass with a smooth cylinder, instead of a pricked one, over the 
top of the dam, to compress the loose earth of it into compactness, 
which requires then forty passages more, 720x40=760; say 800 
passages, will be then required. 

In the case supposed of a reservoir for four ranges, the inside 
being 2,500, the outside 2,700 feet, it makes a mean length of 2,600 
feet or about a half mile for each side of the square, and conse- 
quently, for each of the four Sateliies to be applied, eight hundred 
passages at a half mile, in all four hundred miles which the Satelite 
has to travel. If this be done at the rate of two miles per hour, or 

about fifty miles per day, it will require then in all — =8 days, for 

the reservoir. 

The well, if any is to be excavated, may also be formed by four 



DEMONSTKATIONS. • 35 

Satelites at once. The well's bottom being at a level with that of 
the ditch around the reservoir, in the case supposed then thirty feet 
deep, the slopes at an angle of forty-five degrees, will make it thirty 
feet all around wider at the top than at the bottom, which may be 
twenty feet in diameter. The upper diameter of the well will ther. 
be 20 + 2 X 30=80 feet. The cubical contents of the earth to be 
taken out will consequently be, its shape being a truncated cone, 

3 :t 
40—10. 
— - — X 3. 141 . . . =63,000 cubic feet nearly. Suppose the 

Satelite carries at each of its passages diametrically through the well, 
as fig. VI. shows, 100 cubic feet of earth; it will require then 
63,000 . 630 

= 630 passages, and with four Satelites — — =160 passages 

nearly. Suppose each passage to be about 200 feet long, the Satelite 
would have to pass 160 X 200 = 32,000 feet, or about six miles, which 
may be performed then in six hours. In all other cases, where 
either the well has to be excavated deeper or the bottom of the 
reservoir is higher in relation to the level of the water outside of 
it, the extent of the reservoir, and consequently also of its dam 
and ditch, are less. 

If the work can be accomplished in less time by the scoop or 
scraper, it is to be preferred. The time required for the formation 
of the reservoir and well is then not more than eight days. 

§ 35. If at the beginning windmills arc applied for the formation of 
the reservoir and well, one-half of the time may be calculated for 
the loss during calms ; and therefore the double amount, i. e. sixteen 
days, be required. 

§ 36. To transfer the water power to the centre of each Circuit 

of the Dominion, dams with small canals or ditches on their tops 

are to be constructed. The length of all the dams for one Range 

of fourteen Circuits, in the Dominion represented by fig. XXVI. may 

be estimated at about twenty-five miles, its height equal to that of 

the reservoir, say twenty feet, and its breadth somewhat less than 

that of the reservoir; be it equal. If (§ 34.) one half mile requires 

eight days, twenty-five miles will require 25x2-x 8=400 days, for 

all the dams. The canals or ditches on their tops will but require 

two passages of the Satelite with the excavating plough, that is 

2x 25=50 miles, which may be effected in one day. The whole 

time for the dams and canals throughout the Dominion be then 

estimated in a round number to four hundred days at most, which 

400 
amounts for each Circuit to about — - =30 days. 

14 

§ 37. Suppose the worst case that can be, where in a country of 

several hundred thousand acres no elevated place above the level of 

3* 



36 ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 

twenty or thirty feet of water could be found, but all to be a dead 
level with water up to the surface of the land, a swamp for example. 
In this case the bottom of the reservoir would have to be raised by 
carrying earth from the ground around it to the place to be raised, 
which for four Ranges, as in the fig. XXVI. represented, would be 
2,700 feet square. Suppose this to be raised twenty-five feet high. 
The solid contents of the earth required for that purpose would then 

have to be 2,700~X 25=182,250,000 cubic feet. The distance to 

carry the earth may be averaged to 1,000 feet, and a passage to and 

fro of the Satelite will then be 2,000 feet. If theSatelite carries at 

each passage 400 cubic feet, it being on a level ground and a 

firm compressed road, the number of passages will have to be 

182,250,000 

—-^ =455,625 ; each of 2,000 feet makes 2,000 X 455,625 

= 911,250,000 feet or about ^— 1 or 182,250 miles ; this will 

5000 

make for each of the four Satelites to be applied, 45,550 miles, which 

45 550 

at the rate of four miles per hour, will be performed in — — — 

45,550 , • 4 

hours=-- — — days= 474 days. Suppose the wind blows but half 

the time, the time required will be 2x 474=948 days. 

§ 38. As this operation requires but an incompleted Satelite, such 
as described of fig. I. and II. the increase of a few of such would 
be but a small matter, and there may be as many at once as wind- 
mills are to be erected thereafter, which may then be constructed at 
once in their full number, and for each one an incompleted Satelite. 
The number of them may amount to twenty instead of the supposed 
four. The operation for raising the ground of the reservoir twenty- 

948 
five feet high would then be reduced to — - =190 days or about six 

o 

months, which time is to be added to that of the preparatory works, 

as calculated above. 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 

The data are given in the preceding demonstrations, which 
include all the cases that may possibly occur. The circumstances 
of locality, and prices of labors and produces being very various, 
no exact estimation for any case can be reasonably expected here ; 
but it must be inferred from the data given, as far as they can be 
found correct and applicable to the case. Still some general state- 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 37 

ments as examples, for the maximum and minimum of expenses and 
proceeds, may serve as guides for any estimation of a particular case. 

I shall therefore state a case of the most difficult and most expensive 
nature, with the smallest amount of means, also the same with 
strong means ; also a case of the most favourable nature, with the 
smallest and the largest amount of means well applicable ; and 
finally, also a case for a small extent of means and land. 

Most cases that will occur in practice will be of a mixed nature 
of some of these cases, and may be modified accordingly to the ex- 
amples given. 

Some extraordinary circumstances that would increase much the 
time and expenses, and which will, of course, not be chosen for a 
beginning and only for after ages of a greater population and richer 
means, when better places can no longer be found uncultivated, may 
merely be mentioned here. 

Such are ; 

1. The ground being very broken, and requiring, therefore, level- 
ling by the Satelite in taking off gradually the tops of eminences 
and filling therewith the lower places, which is to be done by the 
hammer, the pricked cylinder and scoops. 

2. Swamps, ponds, periodical inundations, requiring to be drained, 
are respectively guarded against by dams : the Satelite has to raise 
ground and draw ditches, fill the low places up to a certain level and 
form dams where necessary, to confine running waters into narrower 
channels. 

3. Sterile ground, rocky or sandy, desired to be changed into 
fertile land, which is to be effected by the Satelite's taking, by its 
scoops, fertile soil where it can be spared, and covering therewith 
the sterile places. 

4. The hills may not admit of regularly shaped Orbits and Cir- 
cuits as described, which require to be changed into terraces by the 
•Satelite with the scoop or diagonal shoving log ; also rocks to be 
battered by the hammer and carried away by piecemeal. 

In all these cases there is but an incompleted Satelite, as 
described of fig. 1, II, III, required, and a great number of such may 
be applied at once with a comparatively small addition of expenses. 



EXPENSES AND PROFITS OF THE FIRST TEN YEARS. 

A. For a Range of 20,000 acres, consisting of woods, and with the 
application of but one Satelite and four men : 

According to demonstrations § 32, all the preparatory works of one 
Orbit require 80 days, 



38 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 



therefore for four Orbits or 280 acres, - 
according to § 34 and 35, the reservoir, 
suppose for extra works at the beginning 

In all 

The expenses may then be estimated : 

For the first year : 
for the Satelite ..... 

" 4 windmills .... 

" water buckets for raising water - 

" 1 water wheel - 

" connecting means, viz : 
2000 feet of ropes (§ 10.) 

" " for reserve 

8000 feet wires (§ 12. 15.) 1400 to 5600 lbs. 
4000 " " for reserve ... 
400 pairs of small wheels (§ 13.) - 
200 " " for reserve 

3 carts (§ 11.) to support the ropes 
wages for four men .... 
extraordinary expenses ... 

At the end of the first year — sum - 

For the second Year: 
wages for four men .... 
extraordinary expenses, ... 

Expenses at the end of tbe second year - 
Produces of 280 acres, at $10 to 50 per acre 



Leaves at the end of the second year expenses $3400 

In the second year one Satelite will cultivate 
280 acres in .... 3 days 

Perform the preparatory works of four Or- 
bits or 280 acres more in 320 

And for about one half Orbit or 35 acres in 42 



320 


days, 


16 


« 


29 


M 



365 days. 



$2000 to 5000 


600 


« 1000 


200 


« 400 


200 


" 600 


50 


" 200 


50 


« 200 


150 


" 600 


40 


" 160 


66 


" 130 


34 


70 


60 


« 140 


1000 


" 2000 


550 


" 1500 


$5000 


" 12000 


$1000 


'« 2000 


200 


" 1000 


$6200 


« 15000 


2800 


« 14000 



1000 



In all ... 365 days. 

For the third Year: 
Expenses as in the second year - - 1200 " 3000 

At the end of the second year total expenses $4600 " 4000 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 39 

Carried over $4600 to 4000 

Produces of eight Orbits or 560 acres - - 5600 « 28000 

Nett profit at the end of the third year . 81000 "24000 

If the Satelite prepares every subsequent year four 
Orbits more for cultivation, in 320 days, leaving thus 
45 days of the year for its other works, the sum of 
prepared Orbits will be 40, of which will yield pro- 
duces, in the fourth year 12, and in the tenth 36, 

12 + 36 . 
therefore on an average every year , — - — and in 7 

years 12 + 36 x 7 = 168 Orbits, or 11,760 acres, at 

$10 to 50 per acre, makes ... - 117600 « 588000 

Total revenues then - $118600 « 612000 

Expenses from the fourth to the tenth Year. 
Current expenses, per year $1200 to 3000. 

In seven years then - 8400to21000 

For two water wheels more 400 " 1200 

8800 « 22200 



Nett profit of ten years - - $109800 « 589800 

To house and thrash the crops will require an additional capital, 
which may be repaid amply by the profit accruing from their use. 
Thus, the sheds for housing the crops, consisting only of a roof on 
posts for each Orbit, may be built of boards and beams, sawed by a 
stationary sawmill in each Circuit, for all the purposes of machine- 
ries, buildings, &c. occurring, and their expenses would only consist 
in the small amount of wages for their erection and transports of the 
materials required, and the straw, &c. of the crops yielding fodder 
for live stock would far over pay the same. 

The sawmills would not form an object of capital or current 
expenses in this agricultural view, they being for the most part of 
the time employed for other purposes far overpaying again their 
expenses. 

The thrashing machine may be of the simplest kind, transportable, 
and one sufficient for the whole Range. A row of horizontal beams, 
resting on pivots, and one of their ends being lifted up by a shaft 
with cogs for each beam, driven in the manner of the Satelite, would 
answer ^already the purpose: — a kind of rake might be added to drag 
from time to time the bundles required from the shed under the 



40 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 



thrashing beams, and from thence the straw away to some other 
place of deposit. The further requisites for the final preparations of 
the produces are more than repaid by the increase of the price of the 
produces. 



B. For a Range of 20000 acres on Prairies with one Satelite and 
four Men. 

The time required for all the preparatory works of one Range is 
(§ 33.) for each Orbit 6 days, and consequently for each Circuit of 
19 Orbits, 6 X 19=114 days 

To which is to be added for its dam and ditch (§ 36) 30 " 



In all for each Circuit 

In the first year may then be prepared : 
One Reservoir (§ 35.) in ... 

Dams and ditches of three Circuits - . 
Two Circuits, or about 2800 acres prepared 
Cultivation of one Circuit or 1400 acres 
For other small unforeseen works 

In all - 

Expenses will be as at A in the first year 
Two water wheels in addition 



Total expenses - - $5400 " 13200 

Produces at the end of the first year of 2800 

acres 28000 « 140000 



- 


144 days 


- 


16 days 
90 « 


. 


228 « 


. 


14 « 


- 


17 " 


$5000 


365 days 
to 12000 


400 


« 1200 



At the end of the first year nett profit - 

Every subsequent year expenses the same, 
but produces increased of two Circuits, in an 
average ; till the Range is completed. There- 
fore produces 

In the 2d year of 3 Circuits 

" " 6 " 10 " 



$22600 « 126800 



In average each year of — - — Circuits 
and in five years — - — X 5=32^ " 

4» 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 



41 



Carried over, 

each of 1400 acres, makes 45500 acres 

In the 7th year of 20000 « 

and in the last three years 60000 " 



$22600 to 8126800 



Total amount of 
At $10 to 50 per acre 



125500 acres 



1255000 » 6275000 



Total revenues of ten years, $1277600 « 6401800 
Expenses every year for wages, $1200 to 
3000, makes in 9 years $10800 27000 
For 11 water wheels more 2200 6600 

13000 « 33600 



Nett profit of 10 years 



$1264600 « 6368200 



C. For a Range of twenty thousand Acres of Woods with five 
Satelites and one hundred Men. 

There may be applied at once one complete, and four incomplete 
Satelites, as stated (§ 38, Demons.) in the following mode : 
1 Satelite with but the pricked cylinder and a hook, to pull down 



trees (§ 32. Demons.) for 1 Orbit, with 

1 Satelite with 5 saws, to saw, being 3 rods 
longer, and having for each saw 2 men, 

1 Satelite with but a thin smooth cylinder, 
around which, while lifted above the 
ground, wind 4 ropes or chains for haul- 
ing, the Satelite being fixed on the 
ground, for each rope 2 men, in all 

1 Satelite with but a pricked cylinder and hooks, 
for hooking, taking out of the ground 
and removing smaller objects, with - 

1 Satelite for rough ploughing, levelling and 
ditching with ... 

Then for watching and regulating the con- 
necting means at the stationary power, 



1 man in 7 days, 



10 



5 Satelites in all and 33 men in 7 days. 

To be employed 8 hours in 24 requires 3 releases, as maximum, 
each of 33 men, makes 99 men, and one for superintendence makes 
100 men. 

A Circuit of 19 Orbits requires then 19 X 7=133 days, and for 



42 ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 

its dam and ditch (§ 36, Demons.) with the same means as above 

stated, instead of 30 only 6 days, makes in all for 1 Circuit 139 

days, which is less than in the case at B stated. 

The progress of the preparatory works, and, in consequence also 

the produces, in the first 10 years will then be the same nearly as 

atB. 

The expenses may be estimated thus : 

In the first year : 

as atB $5,400 to 13,200 

in addition for 4 incomplete Satelites - 2,000 " 4,000 

« 5 windmills - - - 1,500 « 3,000 

" waterbuckets - - ' - 1,000 « 2,000 

" 12 waterwheels - - 2,400 " 7,200 

Connecting means, viz : 

8000 feet ropes for 4 Satelites - - 400 " 800 

32,000 feet wires for do. - - - 600 « 2,400 

1,600 pairs of small wheels (§ 13, Dem.) 250 " 600 

12 carts to support ropes, - - - 250 " 600 

20,000 feet chains for hauling, &c. - 2,000 « 4,000 

Wages for 96 men more - - - 30,000 « 40,000 
Unforeseen expenses ... 1,200 " 5,200 

Total expenses of the 1st year - - 847,000" 81,000 
Produces in the 1st year as at B - - 28,000 " 140,000 

Nett expenses of the 1st year - - $19,000 

or Nett profit of the same - - - 59,000 

The current expenses for every subsequent year until the pre- 
paratory works are finished will be 

for wages of 100 men .... $31,000 to 42,000 

extraordinary expenses - - - 1,000 " 5,000 

in all $32,000 to 47,000 

The produces, as the calculation at B shows, overbalance already 
in the 2d year the expenses, and increase every subsequent year 
with those of 2 Circuits or 1,400 acres, until they reach their maxi- 
mum in the 8th year, of the whole Range, when the annual expenses 
will be reduced for ever to the wages of 4 men and small contin- 
gencies or about to $1,200 to 2,000. 

The expenses of the 2d year being then $32,000 to 47,000 

The produces, as at B, of 3 Circuits or 

4,200 acres .... 42,000 " 210,000 



of the 2d year surplus - - - $10,000 to 163,000 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 43 

Carried over, - - - $10,000 to 163,000 

therefore, in the 3d year of 2,800 acres more 38,000 « 283,000 

" " 4th " " 2,800 " more 66,000 " 423,000 

" « 5th " « 2,800 " more 94,000 " 563,000 

« « 6th " « 2,800 " more 122,000 « 703,000 

« « 7th " « 2,800 " more 150,000 " 843,000 

" " 8th « " 1,400 " more 164,000 " 913,000 
« " 9th and 10th years of 

20,000 acres more 400,000 " 2,000,000 



Nett profit of the last 9 years - - $1,044,000 " 5,891,000 

Expenses of the 1st year - - 19,000 

or Nett profit of the 1st year - - 59,000 

Nett profit of 10 years - - - $1,025,000 to 5,950,000 



D. For a Range of twenty thousand acres on Prairies with five 
Satelitcs and one hundred men. 

The 5 Satelites will effect, with 6 men's attendance each at a time, 
and 18 in all, and 2 Superintendents, making 20, for all 5 Satelites 
then 100 men, all preparatory works of the Range in one-fifth of the 
time calculated at B, that is in l£ year. 

The expenses for materials will be somewhat less than calculated 
at C in the first year, requiring less ropes and chains ; but suppose 
them to be the same, viz : in the first year $47,000 to 81,000 

Produces in the first year of 4 Circuits or 

5*600 acres . . . 56.000 « 280,000 



Nett profits of the first year - - - $9,000 to 199,000 

Expenses in the 2d year : 

for 6 months wages for 100 men - $16,000" 24,000 

for 6 months wages for 4 men - - 600 " 1,000 

small expenses 400 " 1 ,000 

Total expenses of the 2d year - - , - 17,000" 26,000 
Produces of the 2d year of about 8 Circuits, 

or 1,1200 acres .... 112,000 " 560,000 



Nett profit of the 2d year - - - $95,000 " 534,000 

Nett profit of the first year - - - 9,000 " 199,000 

Total nett profit of the first 2 years - - $104,000 " 733,000 



44 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 



Carried over .... $104,000 to 733,000 
Every subsequent year the expenses for 4 

men, &c., $1,200 to 2,000 

The produces of 

20,000 acres 200,000 « 1,000,000 



Nett annual profit 198,800 " 998,000 

Makes in 8 years .... $1,570,400 « 7,984,000 



Total nett profit of 10 years 



.,674,400 " 8,717,000 



E. On the smallest scale, for 1 Circuit or 1400 to 2000 acres 
with 1 Satelite of \ of the width of that described, or 4 feet's 
track, on Woodland. 

For the first year's expenses : 
The satelite ..... 

1 windmill ...... 

Water buckets ..... 

i water wheel ..... 

Connecting means, viz : 
2200 feet of ropes, \ to \ inch in diameter - 
10000 feet wires, \ to \ inch thick 
600 pairs of small wheels (§13, Dom.) 
3 carts to support the ropes ... 
Small expenses ..... 

Wages for 4 men ..... 

Expenses of the first year .... $2100 to 3850 

Every subsequent year only the last two items of $1100 to 

$1500 are to be expended. The produces will increase every year 

of 1 orbit of 70 acres more. 

Therefore, the expenses and profits are as follows : 

Profits. 



- $500 to 1000 


150 « 


250 


50 " 


100 


100 « 


500 


15 " 


50 


50" 


200 


100 « 


200 


35 " 


50 


110 " 


300 


1000 » 


1200 



1st year - 


2d 


u 


3d 


u 


4th 


(« 


5th 


" 


6th 


" 


7th 


(( 


8th 


u 


9th 


a 


10th 


IC 



Total : 



Expenses. 


$2100 to 3850 


1100 


» 1500 


1100 


" 1500 


1100 


" 1500 


1100 


« 1500 


1100 


« 1500 


■ 1100 


" 1500 


• 1100 


« 1500 


- 1100 


" 1500 


- 1100 


« 1500 


$12000 to 17350 



$700 to 3500 


1400 « 


' 7000 


2100 ' 


' 10500 


2800 « 


< 14000 


3500 « 


' 17500 


4200 « 


' 21000 


4900 < 


« 24500 


5600 « 


« 28000 


6300 ' 


« 31500 



$31500 to 157500 



ESTIMATIONS OF EXPENSES AND PROFITS. 45 

From the 3d or at most from the 5th year all expenses will be 
repaid, and thence a clear profit accrue every subsequent year, in- 
creasing with the produces of 70 acres, till the maximum of 1400 to 
2000 acres are under cultivation. 



F. The same means and extent on Prairies or prepared land, of 
1400 to 2000 acres. 

For the first year : 

The Satelite may prepare in 6 months 6 Orbits (§ 33, Dom.) 

Expenses as before $2100 to 3850 

Produces of 6 Orbits or 420 acres - - 4200 « 21000 



Nett profit of the 1st year .... $2100 " 17150 

For the 2d year : 
Expenses 1000 " 1500 



leaves profit - - - $1100 " 15650 

Produces of 18 Orbits on 1330 acres - . - 13300 « 66500 



Nett profit of 2 years $14300 to 82150 

Every subsequent year about the same pi'ofit. 



From these 6 different cases of estimations, containing the maxi- 
mum and the minimum of expenses and profits, it appears, that the 
capital in any case may be refunded within 1 to 5 years from the 
proceeds ; and thereafter an increase of profits be reaped, till the 
maximum of produces is attained, that is, those of 20,000 acres for 
1 Satelite and 4 men's attendance. No speculation can be shown 
equal in profit to this present case, unless it be a particular and direct 
fraud and robbery. 

It is to be expected that the stated estimation of prices of produces 
will hold good for at least 10 years, considering the natural animal 
apathy of men to stick to their old dear customs, which will not allow 
them to imitate promptly the presented new means, and retard their 
becoming universal for probably a longer time yet. But, be it as it 
may, the gradual sinking of the prices of the produces will cause no 
loss to any speculator in this matter, since at all events, and even in 
the ultimate case, the produces of becoming so cheap and abundant 
as water, the owners of such Dominions will have gained a " Para- 
dise" for ever, requiring no further addition, and only 4 men's easy 
attendance to 1 simple contrivance for 20,000 acres. 

When this time will arrive, then other objects, more worthy of 



46 MODES OF APPLICATION. 

rational creatures, will come into view, such as are presented in my 
" Paradise." At present, 1 know, that nothing can engage the atten- 
tion of my cotemporaries as the acquisition of wealth, or, its repre- 
sentative, money. And, therefore, this present book will be quite 
enough for them. To reason with them further, and on the most pro- 
per application of these means, and of their first consequences, wealth, 
would be like offering music and splendor to a hungry beggar. 

The results of these estimations can surprise only those, who can- 
not comprehend what it is to have powers that cost nothing at com- 
mand to an unlimited extent, and that it is the power that does the 
work and not the tool (or machine). 

The maximum of time employed for cultivation of land in the 
climates with a winter is, as stated, only six months of the year. 
The other six months will be left for accomplishing any other work 
of the Satelite. 



MODES OF APPLICATION. 

The best mode of applying this system will at once appear to 
any mind not stupified by the prejudices of custom, from comparing 
the different estimations stated. None, but a fool, will choose of two 
things the worst and the most costly, when the difference of both is 
shown to him. It is manifest from the foregoing six estimations, 
that the largest scale affords the greatest advantages, and that 
prairies afford much sooner the maximum of profits than any other 
land, which is previously to be cleared of impediments to perfect 
agriculture. 

However, the clearing operations may, and ultimately will, when 
society is prepared to act on a large scale, be effected much easier 
and with much less expense of time than stated in my above estima- 
tion, viz : The trees may be pulled down and uprooted in rows, on 
a tract of many square miles, then left for some years to dry, and 
then be burned up at once in one general conflagration. There is 
no timber required except for some few buildings, for which particu- 
lar spots of woods may be preserved. 

Still for the present generation, and for several generations to 
come, there would be prairies or savannahs enough in America, if 
they be preferred, and the other parts requiring more preparatory 
works might be left for after ages. 

But there arc farms and uncultivated tracts in parts of denser popula- 
tion, that arc held at high prices — moreover the same are parcelled in 
pieces of tens and hundreds of acres. The owners of such parcels 



MODES OF APPLICATION - . 47 

and in such parts will like to know, what use of my system may be 
made for their little farms. I have spoken as yet only of thousands 
and tens of thousands of acres cultivable by one machine. People, 
who are not in the habit of reasoning much, may rashly infer from 
these my statements, that my system be not applicable to their 
lands, and only qualified to rich owners of large tracts of land. 

It is true, to supply every little farm of fifty to one hundred acres 
with a stationary power or Satelite and connecting means between 
them, would be as ridiculous as furnishing every spinster with a 
card and spinning machine to spin her wool, or supplying a small 
skiff with a little steam engine to save to one or two men the trouble 
of paddling with their hands. 

People, who never reasoned yet on what the advantages of ma- 
chines consist of, are to be informed that no machine affords any 
advantage, except by saving labour of men, and, next to it, that of 
beasts. But as it is rather difficult to find a machine which will 
have the goodness to work of itself, we have to find the poioer to 
compel the machine to work. Now, if labour of men is required to 
procure that po\yer, and labour of men to make the machine, and then 
men to attend that machine in its operations, we have first to balance 
the account of the expenses, that these labours and materials will 
cost, with those of common manual labour to the same effect, in order 
to find out which affords the best advantages, the machine or the ma- 
nual labour,to do the business proposed. Now if three or four men can 
cultivate a small farm without machines, there would be no great 
advantage, if the same three or four men had to attend a machine to 
do their work — they may then as well do it with their own hands. 

Still there are ways and means to extend fully the benefits of my 
system to the smallest farm and kitchen garden. 

In a tract of 20,000 acres, for but one Satelite, may be found a 
hundred farms, more or less, and out of them some farmer who is 
either willing and able to establish on his little farm a stationary 
power as described with one Satelite, or, if not, to sell or lease his 
farm, for a good price to some speculator that calculates. A sta- 
tionary power with one Satelite may thus be established in one or 
the other way, sufficient for the cultivation and respectively prepara- 
tion of 100 or more farms around. The operations may then begin 
on the few acres of this farm. When they are finished, the next 
neighbours may then be invited to look at them, if they should not 
come on their own accord to behold the strange phenomenon. One 
after another of them may then be asked, whether he would not like 
to be freed of the trouble and expense to farm his land, and reap the 
same benefit or more than he could effect with all his labour, his men 
and beasts. The machinist might, for instance, propose to a farmer : 
" I will cultivate your land as a garden, fence it (by ditches and 



48 MODES OF APPLICATION. 

dams) level it, provide it with ditches, irrigate it whenever useful, 
clear it from stumps, &c, clear and change into a garden your 
wood lands, as far as you desire, and improve your farm as much 
as you see mine, for a certain share of your crops — you may name 
yourself this share — and I warrant you as good crops as those you 
see on my farm." 

I think it likely some of the neighbours would not be quite so stub- 
born as to resist the temptation, seeing in this proposition no risk, no 
inconvenience, but only profit, and themselves rid of all labour, hard- 
ships and inconveniences. 

Thus by degrees the machinist would become the farmer of all the 
hundred farms around his own little farm, to the profit of his own 
and all his neighbours'; and every neighbour within his Dominion 
would soon think it as foolish to farm himself his land, as he now 
would think to build and attend a mill on his own farm for his mere 
private use. What a miller with his mill is now to the farms around 
it, the machinist with his stationary power and Satelite will be to the 
cultivation, &c. of the farms in the neighbourhood. Those farmers, 
if any there should be, who would prefer their old laborious custom 
to farm, maj enjoy their privileges of staid customs, as long as Rip 
Van Winkle slept before he awoke of his 20 year's sleep, till nobody 
wants to pay their dear labour, but every body prefers to buy his 

wants from the machinists at about — of the price Mr. Rip Van 

Winkle's relation would ask. 

Having now done with the difficulty of farming little farms and 
highly prized land of less real value, by my system, it is now proper 
to consider what is to be done in less difficult circumstances. I al- 
lude to the 1,000 millions of acres which are to be found within the 
United States alone, having no owners yet, except the nation at large. 
There is then a choice of any suitable tract of land, for little or no 
price. I shall not here speak of what laws or arrangements might 
be made in regard to public lands — I have done it already in the 
second part of my " Paradise." But viewing the circumstances such 
as they now are ; it is evident at once to every one, that my system 
is independent of the petty calculations of present settlers in new 
countries. Their wants are anterior to their produces; and in my 
system the produces and preparations of dwellings, &c. are anterior 
to the wants of the settlers. Only half a dozen of men arc necessary 
for the beginning in the first year — and the land produces enough 
for hundreds of families, without requiring their labours, their long 
privations of the finer social pleasures as now is the case with new 
settlers. — All the machinists have to care for, is to choose the most 
suitable place for the stationary power, with the best tract of land 



MODES OF APPLICATION. 49 

around it, and then for the neighbourhood of some navigable water, 
and the practicability of a road to it from the inland, in order to ex- 
port their produces in great masses cheaply. 

They will naturally look first to prairies, the cheapest, most con- 
venient and most valuable for the cultivation by my system. 

The owners of large tracts of wild land bought only for selling it 
again, may avail themselves of my means in two ways, either by 
cultivating them by my means and selling the* produces, or the im- 
provements themselves, or by inducing settlers to cultivate the land 
by my system, affording them a credit of the purchase price of the 
land, and if they choose also the materials in part or entirely for the 
machines, &c. on suitable conditions — by which they will enhance 
the value of their land and the annual revenues of it for ever. 

The speculators of capital may procure to themselves tracts of 
land, such as are the most suitable to my system, and carry it into 
practice upon it. They may either export and sell the produces in 
mass, or induce people to settle on their .improved lands, by holdim;; 
to them out good houses, and gardens, &c. for their use and profits, 
by paying a certain amount of money per acre and house either 
once for ever, or for any definite period, or annually — either in rash, 
or in labour wanted on the establishment for its further enlargement 
and improvement. This would be what land speculators generally 
practise in laying out a certain tract of lots for houses, which lots 
they then sell or let to the highest bidder. But there would be this 
great difference, that the settlers would not merely pay for the per- 
mission to build and to live on the lot, but for the dwelling, food and 
other things and enjoyments to be derived from the establishment. 

If there should happen to be any wealthy speculator, who, besides 
making money for his own purse, should also be interested in the 
moral and intellectual improvements of his neighbours, I have to 
refer him to my " Paradise," which furnishes him ample materials 
for it. 

To tell to the wealthy how to get wealthier, and to the usurer how 
to extend his usury to his heart's utmost desire, may seem to those 
who are not in the happy position to make use of the advice, an 
odious business. Still it is after all the wealthy or usurers that go- 
vern the world, the republics as well as the monarchies and aristo- 
cracies, since nothing but money or money worth can buy the good 
will and respect of the people. I think, therefore, I owe to the 
gentlemen usurers, (often misnamed speculators) the same respect as 
common people do pay them, and have placed therefore them in the 
first rank of my consideration, in speaking of the mode of appli- 
cation of my proposed means ; for 1 think they will continue to govern 
the world, ill or well, a few years longer. 

After thus following the usual rule of good breeding, to pay :o those 
4 



! US 



50 MODES OF APPLICATION. 

of the highest consideration of my cotemporaries, the wealthy 
usurers, the first compliment, before descending to take notice of 
inferior ranks, I may be allowed to speak of the great bulk of the 
people, the poor and labouring class, who, faithful to the command- 
ment and " curse," " ea^ their bread in the sweat of their brows." 

Those, who are not pleased with this " curse," and wish to get 
rid of it, are then hereby informed, that it is now placed into their 
power to become all wealthy and happy and free from any compul- 
sive labour, even more so than any of their wealthy neighbours they 
now may behold, who buy their exemption from that " curse" by 
their money, the fruit of usury or something worse — they may all 
live like ladies and gentlemen, even with better enjoyments, habits 
and acquirements, than any of the rich ladies and gentlemen that 
now can be found to possess. — For the particulars as to these new 
superior habits or acquirements, see my " Paradise." 

If there are pious people, who think their conscience ought not to 
allow them to deviate from that " curse," I beg leave to inform them, 
that they always will remain at liberty to work or keep holy-days 
just as they please. I hope there will be liberality of sentiments 
enough among the people, to allow only, and not to compel them, to 
keep every week seven holy-days instead of one. Nay, if they 
should be at a loss to know how to fulfil this "curse," though 
nobody nor themselves should want their labours and services, 
I will serve them with my advice freely and from pure good 
will. They may still volunteer their pious work ; they may, for 
instance, dig a hole one day and fill it up the next, and so on through 
life, if they phoose. Nor will they, in so doing, be without prece- 
dents. Thousands of pious Christian souls have already even done 
more, they have scourged and lacerated their own backs, to please 
their Maker and expiate their sins. The fact is, I do think, as I have 
already expressed in my " Paradise," people, who toil and drudge 
all their lives, do it in consequence of their sin — the most grievous 
sin that, man can commit — the sin of not reasoning — the only siu 
which sinks man to the level of a stupid beast — and by which he 
has effectually forfeited the Paradise. What is to beasts and to 
men, who like beasts, do not reason, the beautiful half of the globe, 
with a perpetual summer that might be a perpetual paradise of abun- 
dance and delight, and is but a frightful wilderness of starvation 
and conflicts — what are the mighty powers and productiveness of 
nature to brutes and brutish men? — They cannot see the use neither 
of one nor the other. The inferior half of the globe with a periodical 
death of nature is chosen, which forces unreasoning men to perpetual 
labour and conflicts, with the climate, and with their fellow creatures, 
for the poor pittance of their wants, that nature supplies but scantily 
there. 



MODES OF APPLICATION. 51 

What I have to propose here is again, like all the rest of my pro- 
positions, nothing but an old practice (I take pains to avoid the un- 
pardoned odium of novelty), only to more profitable purpose than 
any yet, viz: "joint stock companies," accessible to the poorest 
individual. 

Look at my estimations B and D in regard to prairies. 

As long as they be not bought away by land speculators or other- 
wise disposed of by the government, they will be of the greatest 
advantages. 

A capital of less than $20,000 for 20,000 acres is required which 
may be refunded within one or two years, f i" you divide this capital 
in 1,000 shares, each share will be less than $20, and amount to 
20 acres' property, and nearly the produces of 20 acres of the finest 
garden culture annually, after less than 7 years, and within the first 
2 years an insurance of the supply of the natural wants of life for 
each shareholder and his family. These shares m; either 

in cash into some good bank, or to some responsible person, or in 
work on the land, such as will be required in the making of, and 
attendance to, the machinery for the preparatory works and culti- 
vation. One to three months may be the extent of the labour of a 
shareholder, to insure to him, for himself, his assignees or heirs, for 
ever, the produces of 20 acres, with a kw per cent's deduction for 
administration. 

Pay for land will not be necessary, either by obtaining, on appli- 
cation, special grants of the government, or by buying it on credit, 
as the capital for it will in a few years be but a small portion of the 
annual revenues, as the estimations show. 

If wood land is chosen, the full revenues will ultimately be the 
same, but so many years later, as the estimations show. 

All what is then to be done, is to take any of the joint stock com- 
panies' regulation you think most convenient, for your pattern ; this 
will save you even the trouble of thinking for yourselves — there are 
plenty of them in the country. — You may have yours incorporated 
by the government. A few meetings as preliminaries, an organisa- 
tion of a company, perhaps then a further enlargement of it by 
sending your subscription list to such persons you choose to accept 
as partners — then selectien of land, by one or more persons, and at 
last one director and three or four labouring hands, if you do not 
choose the plan C or D, may be your executors — this is all the 
business necessary. 

As soon as sufficient land is cultivated, you may have your houses 
built by the Satelite in the mode suggested, either of wood sawed by 
stationary saw mills, or of stones sawed by the Satelite, or of bricks 
formed and compressed by a great pressure, at the stationary 
machines, into coherent bricks, without fire or water, as practised 
4* 



52 MODES OF APPLICATION. 

already, or of vitrified sand and clay as indicated in my " Paradise." 
Your houses may all be built in the corners between the circular 
Orbits (as the figure shows of the Circuit) in beautiful groves of 
orchards and shrubberies and pastures, through which places are to 
pass all the lines of communications, the canals and roads. After 
the preparatory works are finished, the Satelite is only 6 months (in 
climates with a winter) engaged for the cultivation of the land, and 
the other 6 months of the year it may be employed to construct dams 
and roads from corner to corner around every Orbit. These roads 
may at proper Stations, such as locality suggests, be divided, into 
Sections. Each Section is to be at one end higher than at the 
other, so as to form a gentle inclination calculated to cause any 
carriage, placed on the higher end, to run by its own gravity down 
to the lower end : there then the carriage may be pulled, by the 
stationary power at the Circuit's centre, upon a steeper declivity to 
the higher end of the next Section ; from whence it will roll again 
down to the next Station, and so forth, from Station to Station, in 
any direction desired within the Dominion. Wherever another 
Dominion joins to it, the same conveyance may be through that 
continued; and ultimately the whole country, in whatever direction 
it possesses a line of Dominions, may have such roads, on which the 
carriages move with any speed desirable by their gravity, which is 
but the reaction of the stationary power applied for their raising at 
the Stations. 

These roads will thus bring any carriage to any place of the 
Dominion or lines , of Dominions within, at most, 1000 feet. 

There is then also superseded all use of animals. 

Next to these roads, one navigable canal at least may pass through 
the Dominion, fed by its reservoir, for the exportation to the next 
navigable river or other water. Not only the produces, but also 
small floats of logs may be floated to, and down, the next river. 
These floats may be joined in any number and to any shape desired, 
to form one great float at their entrance into the sea, and may be 
disjoined into smaller ones again whenever required. These floats 
may then be propelled by those powers, which I have shown for it 
in my " Paradise," and be used for those other purposes stated there. 

These floating islands may form then your secure and rapid 
intercourse with the distant parts of the globe, to exchange with 
them, for your surplus of produces, what you may want. You may 
then collect all the materials for such botanical and experimental 
gardens and museums, and all the objects, representative images and 
books, of which my " Paradise" speaks, for your and your children's 
information and use of every thing known in the world, and worth 
knowing to every human creature. Then, and only then, when the 
mind is stocked with the correct knowledge of the materials of the 



MODES OF APPLICATION. 53 

present world, will the time commence to reason on moral and 
intellectual improvements. 

The advantages of my system will be still far greater in tropical 
climates. They will afford in their wet seasons water-power, without 
the use of windmills, wherever there is some inclination of the 
ground to admit of gathering water into elevated reservoirs. Since 
it is known that fertility of soil is only constituted by heat and 
moisture. In those climates a proper management by my system of 
the rains during the wet seasons, any, even the most sterile places, 
sandy deserts themselves, may be rendered as fertile as any soil, by 
irrigation. There will then be a perpetual luxuriant vegetation of 
the choicest produces of the globe, affording on one acre more 
nutritious stuff than 50 in other climates. And in this region there 
are yet many thousand millions acres uncultivated. 

But this latter consideration is only addressed to cosmopolites, not 
to mere local beings. 

I might state many other things feasible by these means, but from 
fear of crowding your mind with too many notions at once, that 
might lead you to loose sight of the main objects I have shown, 1 
omit those of less importance as yet. 

For instance : 

You never thought of cooling the summer's heat down to a pleasant 
healthy temperature, nor to heating your chilly winters, in your 
rooms, by mechanical means. Yet, this may be done. — I take this 
too, like all my system, from your own knowledge and experience, 
of which you have yet made but poor, or no, applications. You 
know, any hard body grows hot by rubbing its surface. Now, if 
you take, for instance, two iron disks, put them together like two 
millstones, and make them revolve upon each other, their friction 
may make and keep them red hot, which you can do by my 
abundance of powers that cost nothing. You are then at liberty to 
heat your rooms and cook your victuals without consuming materials, 
except an insignificant trifle of iron that may gasify by the process. 

The same power may also cool your rooms. You know, com- 
pression of air and then sudden expansion of it to its former state, 
produces a momentary cold, enough to freeze water into ice. Thus 
you may manufacture as much ice as you desire, stow it into your 
ice-cellars, and cool from them not only your beverage, but your 
rooms by air-draughts issuing from them through your rooms, 
which, at the same time, will banish all troublesome insects from 
your abodes. 

It may occur to your mind that there are various small works to 
be done in agriculture not mentioned by me yet. To describe them 
all would be too tedious here, since the very inspection and practice 
of my Satelite will suggest the ways to apply the Satelite for them. 



54 REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 

I might as well attempt to describe all the things that can be made 
with a knife or axe to a person unacquainted with the use of iron. 
For example, will you be at a loss to know how to dig out of the 
ground and gather your potatoes, turnips and other roots and pulps, 
without using your fingers? — Only look at the comb of my Satelite — 
make the tines of it a little longer if necessary, and place the comb 
in a proper inclination to the ground, so as to hook into it and below 
the potatoes, &c. which will then slide upon them to the upper edge 
of the comb from whence they may drop into some large box behind 
it in the frame of the Satelite, while the loose dirt may drop through 
the interstices of the tines. 

You may think of gathering green peas, beans, melons, pumpions, 
cucumbers or any other fruit of vines from a large extent of ground. 
Well, the Satelite suffices to do the business. While moving slowly 
on high wheels above the plants, the conductor (or more persons) 
may sit upon the Satelite (under a tent if they choose) and cut off 
with an adapted pair of shears the objects as quickly as they see 
them and drop them into a box on the Satelite. — When the fruits are 
dry and hard, such as dry peas and beans, the vines may be mowed, 
as described, with the Satelite, and then thrashed by usual thrashing 
machines, like other grains. 

You may think of cotton picking (in southern climates) and the 
like operations. — This you may effect also with the Satelite as fast 
as it can move — that is at the rate of 6 miles and upwards per hour, 
while picking all the ripe cotton from 2 to 4 rods in front at once, and 
leaving the other parts of the plants untouched. The cotton culti- 
vation will be found useless when people will become rational enough 
to make use of my proposed fabrication of pliant stuff for all usee 
stated. In the meantime it may last for some years yet. Cotton 
cultivators, who apply my Satelite, shall be supplied by me, at their 
request, with a contrivance for cotton picking by the Satelite at the 
rate of 300 to 500 acres per day with the use of but one man. 



REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 

Now, for the experiments. 

But, pray, what experiments would you like to see? — Is it the 
whole system, or only a part, and which part of it you would wish 
to have ascertained by experiments? — 

I want to satisfy you with experiments. I am not like your school- 
mas'' irs, who serve you with assertions to be received on trust and 
authority. I acknowledge no other test or authority but that of 
your own knowledge and experience, Let us come then to a fair 



REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 55 

understanding, and see what you want to have proved by experi- 
ments of my system. There may be some things in it, that you 
know and can see every day — such, of course, you would nol want 
me to teach you by my experiments. Let us then sift these things 
known by you as old practices, from those that you do not know 
yet, in order to simplify the business of experiments, and extend it 
merely to the latter (unexperimented) parts of my system. 

As my system begins with windmills, we have to take them first 
into consideration. 

Well, do you doubt that wind will turn a windmill with some 
power ? — 

If you do, apply to me and I will show you some in practice these 
many years already. So this part is proved by experiment. 

The next object may be the raising of water by windmills. 

How to raise water with pumps or endless chains of buckets, &c. 
by turning a wheel or shaft, is in practice these many years already. 
If you think that something new, and to be tried yet by experiments, 
I can gratify you with experiments of it in plenty, on your applica- 
tion to me — other people have saved me the trouble making expe- 
riments. 

The next thing is a reservoir holding water. 

I can easily satisfy you with experiments, with darns confining 
water at canals, ponds, &c. 

The reservoir of my system is to let its water run out and fall 
upon a water wheel, to turn it. 

Do you want to see an experiment of this? Go to your next water- 
mill. 

But probably these are ( not the parts of my system — neither the 
wind nor watermills, nor the raising, nor confining of water into 
a pond — which you doubt, and want to see' the experiments of. — 
There are perhaps other parts of my system new and. strange to 
you, which you cannot believe until you see the experiments of 
them. Let us see and review every other part, that nothing may 
escape to your scrutiny, in order to discover what requires yet to be 
ascertained by experiments. 

If there be no mistake in my stationary powers — nothing what is 
to be ascertained first by experiments, but is ascertained — then we 
have to look to the locomotive machine, the Satelite, that novel thing, 
which has to perform so many wonderful things for you. 

To move a carriage by turning its axletree with two wheels fixed 
at it, is nothing new — you may see it every day done at a steam 
wagon ; the turning of its wheels is produced by a vibratory (to and 
fro) motion by means of a crank at a shaft turned by the steam 
engine's alternate pushes — the same is done at my Satelite by alternate 
pushes caused by alternate pulls of two ropes. 



56 REVIEW OP MY SYSTEM, 

If you think the contrivance of steam wagons for turning the 
wheels better than mine, you are at liberty to choose them — you may 
also see at my model how my contrivance works. — But if you want 
to see experiments on that part, only look to steam wagons. 

The moving ahead of my Satelite by alternate pushes is then 
proved by experiments. 

If you want to have an experiment to ascertain how by a lever 
with a little strength a heavy wagon may be advanced — only take 
a long stout pole (or hand spike) appty one end to some of the upper 
spokes of one wheel, and near it against some point at the axletree, 
and at the long arm 10 or 20 times longer than the other of it pull 
with your hands ; you will find, that it will turn the wheel, and 
advance the wagon, without deviating from the course in which the 
wagon is directed. 

To learn by experiment the fact, that my Satelite can be steered, 
you need only to think of the case, when a driver has to turn his 
wagon out of a hole in the road — he will lift the hind part of the 
wagon, with a hand spike or other lever power applied properly, 
and shove it side ways — this is the same thing what at my Satelite 
is to be done to turn it from its course, only that the lever is always 
ready at its place and, by sticking against the gi-ound, will lift with- 
out trouble the hind part of the Satelite, in its advance. You may 
make the same experiment at the hind axletree of a wagon. 

So the practicability of the advance and steering of my Satelite is 
proved to you and me by other people's experiments, which we can 
witness every day. 

What is it then, that you can discover, to be proved yet by expe- 
riments, at my Satelite? 

Since its practicability as to its motion is proved by practice, it 
must be in its operations that we have to look for experiments to 
ascertain them. 

First, you will notice its pricked cylinder. With all the strains 
of my brains I can nothing else discover, but that its weight 
will press the pricks into the ground and break its surface. I have 
seen the same operation with pricked cylinders rolled over land by 
horses, with some brushes fixed behind it, to clean the dirt from it, 
without that I have reason to suspect that the ploughboy who directed 
the machine, had learnt it from me. So you may have seen such 
things also. If not, that experiment will cost you very little, if you 
want it. Only take any log, hammer some pins into it, and a pin 
at the centre of each of its ends, put your horse before it and do the 
same thing as related. It may not be superfluous to notice to you 
that the pricked cylinder is not very apt to glide on the ground 
while its pricks are sticking in it and that it is revolving, and drag 
along with it any thing attached to it — unlike the wheels at steam- 



REVIEW OF 3IY SYSTEM. 57 

wagons with smooth felloes on smooth roads. If you doubt this 
effect, only hammer some pins into the felloes of a wagon-wheel, 
turn it then, and see whether it will not make the wagon follow with 
a heavy load. 

The next object presented to your sight at my Satelite is the 
ploughing. Do you require an experiment with your common 
ploughs '?— Or you doubt, perhaps, the practicability of the row of 
ploughs fixed at the Diagonal log, as shown in my Satelite? — If so, 
you are at liberty to hang your ploughs in any mode you please at 
the Satelite ; they will be dragged along with it and draw furrows as 
well as when your horses drag them. So I hope you will consider 
this matter as settled by experiments. 

Then I suggest pulverizing the soil by a comb with knives. 
Perhaps this is something new in practice. But you may compare 
it to a common rake, with which you crumble and pulverize your 
garden, after having digged it ; my comb or rake is only a little 
longer, and cuts the clods a little better by its knives than the tines 
of a rake. But if you had rather use your common harrow, you 
may hang it at the Satelite, which will pull it as well as your horses 
can do, so my pulverizing operation is the same as your plough- 
boys know from their experiments. 

We have to turn our attention then to the other operations of the 
Satelite, to find what experiments there are required. 

The sowing and mowing are practised already by machines in 
various ways, consisting of a sort of carriages pulled by animals. 
You may consult those practices then, and choose any of them, you 
should find preferable to my contrivance. So you have also the 
practicability of the sowing and mowing by machines proved by 
old experiments. 

But the gathering of crops by machines may not be found in 
practice, since on a few acres of land it may not be deemed very 
profitable to do that job by horses or other greater power, and to 
perform it on thousands of acres, would require greater farms than 
we can find. 

My contrivance for it shows nothing but a common rake or broad 
pitchfork with a receptacle behind it for receiving the straw or grass, 
&c, while the Satelite is advancing. If you, while walking, shove 
before you a pitchfork and with its handle a board on the ground 
and under the swathes of a field of mowed grass or grain, you have 
the same experiment on a smaller scale— a row in front of several 
of such pitchforks and boards, is what the Satelite shows in one 
piece. Though you may not have seen large 1 rakes drawn by horses 
for raking grass, &c, this experiment of your own, if you think it 
necessary, will prove to you the practicability of gathering crops by 
the Satelite by experiments without expenses. 



/ 



58 REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 

The great business of the Satelite of making any excavation, 
elevation or applanation of the ground — reservoirs, wells, canals, 
ditches, &c. — is done either by a scoop or scraper, by an excavating 
plough, or by a transversal or diagonal log at the Satelite. 

The use of the scoop or scraper I expect you will not want me to 
teach you by experiments of my own. You may see that every day 
in full practice, if you go to places where canals, &c, are made. 
First the ground is ploughed and then scraped or scooped by horses 
or oxen. Since you know, now, that ploughing or breaking the 
ground can be done by my Satelite, the scooping or scraping of the 
loose soil is in this case, as easy as in any other case of old practice, 
and a matter then of old experiments. 

To shove loose crumpled soil off its place by a log is no great 
novelty to you either, since that is often practised, accidentally or 
designedly, with sledges drawn on soft ground, or snow in an oblique 
or transversal way ; the ploughshare in turning the earth to the side 
of the furrow does the same thing. 

But if you wish to see an experiment in exactly the same way as 
at the Satelite, just take a log, tie a rope at each of its ends, and pull 
it transversely or diagonally to its course, through loose crumbled 
soil, which will recede before- it, and, if struck in an oblique direc- 
tion, as it is with the diagonal log, it will be shoved to the side of the 
log. 

The excavating plough to raise the loose crumbled soil two feet 
high to a bank close by it, is a thing of old practice. A shovel- 
plough, shoving the earth out of the furrow at both sides, will make 
already a ditch and raise the earth one foot or more. 

So all the Satelite's operations of scooping, scraping, ditching, 
canaling, forming dams, roads, reservoirs, wells, are proved by old 
experiments. 

1 come now to the novelty of sawing on the spot of growth by the,. 
Satelite. Here let us first consult the common practice of one or 
two hands sawing with a cross cut saw. All they have to do is to 
direct their saw to the spot of the intended incision and shove it to 
and fro in a straight line. 

I request the same thing in the sawing at the Satelite — only the 
hand needs not push or pull the saw, which is done by the machine's 
arm holding the saw — so while it saves the exertion of the human 
arm it may at every time, give a long and strong pull of more effect 
than that of 10 or 20 men. You are at liberty, in this operation, to 
stick a two tined fork into the ground or the log at each end of the 
cut so as to hold the saw blade between the tines and keep its direc- 
tion without further assistance of the hand. 

My arched saw, for sawing into the ground with a pendulous 



REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 59 

motion requires nothing else than what the other saw does ; only it 
has this advantage, that its cut may indefinitely be prolonged. 

At every sawing operation, in one or the other case, you can 
make the Satelite, by its weight, and by pinning it (by hammering 
one or two pins into the ground through some parts of the Satelite) 
in any way to the ground, as firm as you please, as well as any 
part of its sawing contrivance, instantly. 

So, in this sawing operation, I have nothing else to show but 
your own old practice of handling the saw, fi i ent. 

To raise a hammer and let it fall by a machine, is so common a 
thing as to be known to every person. Therefore, the hammer 
of the Satelite has no claim to novelty either, and its raising and 
falling is proved by experiment. 

But "to pull down trees is perhaps novel to you. Well, let us see : 
To raise a pole with one end, at which is tied a hook, to hook a 
tree, is nothing novel. But to pull powerfully enough at its chain to 
make the tree come down, may be something startling to some of 
you. — Did you never see how by a slow motion and a small power, 
even that of a few men, a great resistance wae overcome, or a great 
weight, even that of several hundred tons, was raised ? A house or a 
large ship is sometimes raised up into the air suspended by a small 
power. I lave you no idea of levers, and in what proportion its power 
may be increased ? — Am 1 to instruct you, perhaps, that lever power 
is increased in the inverse ratio of its motion ? — Suppose at the ends 
of the Satelite's pricked cylinder instead of 3 cogs, 30, and the 
balances for pushing against them so proportioned, that at each 
ropes' pull but one cog is moved — the motion of the Satelite will 
then be 10 times as slow, its power consequently increased (for its 
advance) 10 times, and, if 50 horses' power are applied, that power 
will then be equal to 500 horses' or 5000 men's. So you may 
increase that power as much as you please. 

Or are you, perhaps, afraid the Satelite will not move, but give 
away on the ground 'I Do you not see the many shovels or anchors 
at the pricked cylinder sticking in the ground as deep and broad as 
any ship's anchors ? — And to what power does not one ship's anchor 
resist ? 

Or are you afraid the chain for pulling will tear ? — Well, you are 
at liberty to make it strong enough, or double, triple, &c, it. And 
if you are afraid of the price for that material, take any thin log, or 
pole, (say from 2 to 6 inches thick,) prolong it as far as required by 
tying others to it by rope-yarn or cords as sailors do, and substitute 
it to the chain. They will not tear asunder. If you do not know the 
strength of these materials, any informed individual can instruct you 
of it, or you can test it yourself by an experiment which costs you 
nothing but a little stick, for instance, i to ^ inch thick, which you 



60 REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 

I 

may hang up at one end and tie at the other as much weight, in- 
creasing it by little and little, as will tear the stick asunder. This 
operation of pulling down trees is then proved by experiments amply. 

As I have now named every part and every operation of the 
Satelite and shown of it, that it has been in practice long ere this, 
and thus proved by ample experiments, where is then the novelty 
which I have yet to prove to you by experiments ? It cannot be in 
that strange thing, which I call the Satelite — for, as you have now 
seen, every particle of it is old and in practice. — Nor can the novelty 
to be experimented be in those parts composing my stationary powers, 
as I have proved before. 

Perhaps it is in the connecting means, between the stationary 
power and the Satelite. It is certainly most important to ascertain 
this part of my system. Let us then be most exact in the examina- 
tion of these connecting means. 

They consist in two different parts, viz. 2 ropes sweeping above 
the ground without touching it, while the Satelite is moving in the 
Orbit around its centre — and 2 chains of wires or poles lying on the 
ground in straight lines. — The one and the other are alternately 
pulled to and fro some feet (20 or more). 

The said ropes are in their minimum but a few (50 to 100) feet 
and in their maximum 1000 feet long, and at proper intervals carried 
by light carts. 

The wire chains are in their minimum 1000, and in their maximum 
4000 feet long, and may lie on rollers or wheels at proper intervals 
to diminish friction. 

Do you want to see now the proof by experiment, that, when the 
ropes ai'e pulled at one end sufficiently, the other end will pull too ? — 
Or, when one end of the chain on the ground is pulled sufficiently, 
the other end will pull too 1 — Or, when one end of the ropes is pulled 
above ground sufficiently and the other end be attached to some 
thing, the ropes can be tended and raised enough so that they do 
not touch the ground? 

If you want to see the experiment, with ropes kept above ground 
while pulled at a distance of from 100 up to 1000 feet, go and look 
at canals and rivers where boats are towed by horses or men walk- 
ing on the bank. At rivers the tow rope has often to be extended to 
several hundred up to 1000 feet, without being supported between the 
boat and the towing animals, on account of shallowness of the river 
near its bank or other impediments, and still the rope's end at the 
boat pulls as well as its other end on shore is pulled. My supporting 
carts are, therefore, not necessary, but only a facility, in imitation 
of the rope at flying bridges, where the one end of the rope is at- 
t tached at a fixed point, the other at a ferry boat, and the rope be- 
tween is supported by intermediate skiffs, to prevent its touching the 



REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 61 

Mjrface of the water, while sweeping over it ; its length is to be more 
than half the width of the river, consequently in some cases of much 
more than 1000 feet. 

The one part of my connecting means, as to ropes, is then proved 
by experiments. 

As to the other part of them, the chain lying on the ground, I can 
gratify you with experiments too, if you will take the trouble to go 
and look at any rail or other road, where wagons are pulled up hill 
by ropes or chains lying on the ground (on rollers too) to the 
distance of even more than mine (4000 feet). If you will not take 
this trouble, you may tie together a number of thin poles (£ to 1 inch 
thick) at their ends, until they form thus a chain of such a length 
as wanted by me, from 1000 to 4000 feet, and pull sufficiently at 
one end, and see whether the other end will not pull too if some 
thing is attached to it. 

This second part of my connecting means is then proved by ex- 
periments too. 

And thus the whole contrivance of my connecting means, has, al- 
ter all, no novelty in it, but consists only of two old practices, viz. 
the pulling of ropes above ground 100 to 1000 feet long, and that of 
chains on the ground 1000 to 4000 ieet long, all proved by experi- 
ments. 

I have thus proved to you by experiments the practicability of 
windmills, 
raising water, 

confining water in reservoirs, 
watermills, 

advancing the Satelite by alternate pulls of ropes, 
steering the same, 

revolving and keeping clean the pricked cylinder, 
breaking the surface of the ground by the same, 
ploughing by the Satelite, 
pulverizing the soil by the same, 
sowing, mowing and gathering the crops by the same, 
scooping and scraping loose soil by the same, 
shoving loose soil out of its track or into deeper places in it, 
excavating small ditches and raising earth 1 or 2 feet high by 

a plough at the Satelite, 
sawing wood and stones above and within the ground, by the 

Satelite, 
hammering to batter rocks, and break loose earth, roots, &c, 
pulling down trees and small roots and stones out of the ground, 

by a hook at the Satelite, 
transferring power to the Satelite by ropes above ground from 
a distance up to 1000 feet. 



62 REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM 

transferring power from stationary machines by chains of poles 
or wires on the ground up to a distance of 4000 feet. 

This is all I pretend to do by my system. 

I have then proved my system, to its full extent, by experiments 
of many years. 

I have thus availed myself of your own knowledge and expe- 
rience — so there can be no dispute about my proofs. I have shown 
in my whole system nothing else but what has been in practice these 
many years. So I have taken from the mind the freight of novelty, 
this bug-bear of lazy, stupid souls, who do not inquire nor reason, 
and mistake that for caution what is but apathy of mind. They are 
like a flock of sheep when they have to pass over a bridge — none of 
them will dare to advance, in spite of dogs and all the driver's 
exertions, until one is taken by the neck and pulled over it — then 
one after another will follow of themselves — they are all for seeiag 
first the experiment — but will not reason. 

After I have taken so much pains to avoid introducing to you any 
thing else but what is an old practice of yours — you are now at 
liberty to sav, that I have invented nothing new, and that any one 
of you might have done the same thing. So any kitchen woman 
might have said at the introduction of steam engines : " See the 
cunning men ; they have availed themselves of my old experience — 
I knew long before that my pot if tightly closed would burst, though 
of iron, by the force of steam from boiling water in it. Now, they 
have but made a somewhat larger pot, with some valves, pipes, 
pistons, shafts, wheels, cranks, screws, &c. — all things which I have 
seen and known before as well as they." 

Yet though some people, with some attention to what I have stated 
before, should discover at last, that all things I have expressed, arc 
feasible by means that are in practice — they may now say: "Oh, 
granted, that these things are feasible, your system may cost per- 
haps much more, and effect much less, than you have calculated, 
and then after all be of no profit." — My answer can only be then : 
Examine my calculations, derived from facts of your own experience, 
and see whether and where I be mistaken. — " Oh, I care not a fig 
for your calculations" — may be then their reply. — Indeed, if you 
care not for my calculations, then I am at a loss to know how to 
communicate and to prove to you any thing at all. What would 
you think of a fellow, who should buy of you 100 bushels of corn, 
or 100 yards of stuff, each at the rate of one dollar, and, on making 
out your bill to him of 100 dollars, the fellow would serve you with 
the same answer : " Oh I care not for your calculation — I am all 
for practice — I shall pay you one dollar as often as you give me one 
bushel of corn, or one yard of stuff." I have to notice to you, if you 
did not perceive it yourself yet, my case is exactly parallel to that case. 



REVIEW OF MY SYSTEM. 63 

I have given to you for my calculations all the simple facts that are 
in your power to ascertain as exactly as you please, without expense. 
The measure of wind and water power for 1 horse's power in square 
and cubic feet respectively — the measureof 1 horse's power for plough- 
ing and other agricultural works — thence the power required for the 
purposes stated and the quantity of power required for hours, days and 
months — thence the number of windmills, the size of the reservoir, of 
the water-wheel, of the machinery to be used — thence the strength and 
weight and expenses of the materials to be applied — the tra"ck of the 
Satelite's operations, its march for hours and days in rods and miles 
— and the resulting amount in acres per hour, days and years — 
thence, at last, the expenses and profits according to usual expe- 
rience. — All these simple facts of your own experience you may 
find either correct, or below, or above my statements — you may 
ascertain every one, on which 1 have based any of my calculations — 
every one of them requires but the steelyard, or the yard-stick, or 
the mere looking at some of the every day's practices pointed out by 
me. All these calculations require no more than simple addition, 
subtraction, multiplication and division, which every school-boy 
learns. — So it is in your power, if you can read and cypher at all, 
and understand the meaning of the most common words of your 
mother language, to ascertain any and every one of my calcula- 
tions as well as in any of your common dealings. When you have 
ascertained the time for one rod or one acre of a certain operation 
of my Satelite, cannot you calculate thence as well as I, how much 
time in hours, days, &c, it will take for so many more rods and 
acres ? — Suppose you would like to know how much time it would 
require with the Satelite to clear 100 acres, or any other number: 
examine on the densest spot of your woods how many trees there 
are on one square rod, or one acre — how many cuts every tree in 
an average would require to be removed in convenient pieces — how 
much time it will take for sawing each cut by hands, when laying 
on the ground — how much less time a cut may require when having 
as much power for it as desired — could you then not compare the 
facts, thus ascertained by you, with mine? — If, then, your facts turn 
out to be below or above those stated by me, and how much this 
difference may amount to, could you not then rectify accordingly 
my calculations ? They may, in some circumstances and localities 
be more, and in others less, favourable, as I have mentioned in its 
place. 

When you will have made yourself acquainted with all the things 
stated, you will not be astonished at the necessary consequences of 
my calculations. Silly people are astounded to hear, that a steam 
wagon can travel 1000 miles in 24 hours, while they would not 
think it a very difficult matter to move it 1 mile in 1| minute, or 40 



64 CONCLUSION. 

miles in 1 hour. So they will likewise find it utterly strange that a 
thing not much wider than one rod should plough 200 acres in a 
day with one man only for its guide — they will find it still stranger 
that the same thing should perform the ploughing of 100 times 200 
acres, or 20,000 acres, in 100 days — but they would find it not very 
wonderful to move a thing 4 miles in one hour under the guidance 
of one man. The reason of this silly inconsistency is, they do not 
calculate. 



CONCLUSION. 



I have now finished my proofs of my mechanical system — I have 
shown the abundance of inanimate powers that may be had freely, 
their change into constant ones for ever, for any place, to any amount 
— I have shown the tools for these powers to multiply and prepare 
the very substances of life — the many thousand millions acres of 
uncultivated lands of the best soil and climates, enough for the wants 
of 1000 times the human population on earth — I have proved all 
this from the well ascertained knowledge of the age, from the most 
common practices of every day — I have in the last Review taken 
pains to show that I have invented no new things, but only combined 
a few old ones — I have taunted, at every item of my proofs, the world 
to show any error or deficiency of my proofs, of my simple facts 
and mathematical deductions therefrom — I have applied to society at 
large, and to the government of the United States since 7 years, to 
examine my propositions. — 1 have begged every association, that 
professes any purpose for the good of mankind, or for any portion 
thereof or for their ownselves, to examine what 1 proposed and offered 
in my " Paradise." — I have called there upon every individual that 
claims the rank of man, to examine what I proposed and offered. — 
I have shown the contrast between the condition of man such as it is, 
and such as it can be made by my means, — I have pointed out the 
true and undeniable sources of the evils of man, especially in civili- 
zation, such as it is — the first causes, want and fear of want, of all 
the evils in society, that generate all the conflicts between man and 
man, the injustices and retaliations — the universal poverty of pos- 
sessing less than desired, where none is rich enough to desire not 
more or think his wants secured. — Thence the universal scramble to 
appropriate to one's self the produces of other men's labours, and to 
escape to the necessity of doing the disagreeable labours one's self. 
My system proves how this miserable scramble and universal 
poverty and sufferings may be made to cease for ever. 

What a stuff to the bitterest men hater and satyrist for his utmost 



CONCLUSION. 65 

hearts' delight, and to the lover of men, for his deepest grief, when 
they see after this the futile efforts and vain boasts of the councils 
of nations, of the leaders and teachers of society, of the voluntary 
associations, or of any individual, of high professions of any bene- 
volent or scientific purpose for relief and improvements, in the midst 
of the chaotic conflicts of individuals, resulting from poverty or the 
fear of it, — when they see devising one petty scheme after another, 
to benefit some individuals to the injury of others — how they com- 
pliment each other of their profound wisdom, enlightened humanity, 
and the rapid progress of the age — or reproach and recriminate each 
other with folly and dishonesty ? — while they pay no attention to 
the undeniable things here exposed to their face, which would make 
an end for ever of all these evils of poverty in the simplest infallible 
manner ! 

I have sought, and am seeking men to examine exactly my pro- 
positions, that they may be enabled to judge on them, and make such 
use of them as they see fit. 

To whom shall I then apply ? — 

Whoever will show to me, in the wide range of the civilized world, 
any government, or any institution, willing to examine, and to take 
interest in, my system, for the benefit of themselves and of society 
at large, is requested to do so, and may stipulate for his own benefit 
as large a share in the reward he hopes from it, as he pleases, I shall 
be liberal enough to him, and if he desires, I shall enter with him 
into any compact tending to good purposes. 

Whoever means to avail himself of my system merely for his 
individual profit, is welcome to do it. In applying to me for any agree- 
ment on terms analogous to the rate of 10 per cent, of the nett profit 
accruing hereafter from the application of my inventions, I shall be 
as liberal as any person could wish, that has not the will to exclude 
me entirely from all benefits of my inventions and sacrifices made 
for this great purpose. Models, or the machines themselves of any 
scale, for any purpose stated in this book may be had on application 
to me or my agents. I shall do my best to satisfy applicants. 

But in whatever way or in whatever part of the world this system 
will come into practice, the consequences will ultimately be the same. 

I shall use the means coming into my power to accelerate these 
consequences in the best mode I can think of. 

Can any man in his sound sense conceive the possibility, that the 
practice of this system, to produce and prepare the stuffs of life for 
many thousands by 3 or 4 men and a comparative trifle of capital 
will stop at the mere pecuniary gain of some speculators ? — Can any 
person, capable of connecting logically two ideas together, expect the 
businesses of life, the state of society, of the invididual man and of 
things will remain the same as now among the mass of people, who 
5 



66 CONCLUSION. 

see the practice and consequences of this system, and how all, even 
the poorest of them, can reap the benefit of it for ever, that will supply 
him and his family and friends, at least, with all the natural wants 
and free all from odious toil and sufferings of poverty ?— Is it possible, 
that the confined views and ignorance, of the mass of all nations 
will remain the same as now, when leisure and means and new 
chances for information on all general subjects are afforded to all, 
not the mere information of letters, but of things, they can see and 
handle and hear themselves 1 When they have once tasted a better 
happiness, seen a larger horizon of the world with its things for 
human life. Whatever once is known cannot be made unknown to 
the world. 

If any body will look beyond his little individual concerns to the 
concerns of the mass of the people and of the age, he will easily 
foresee now the next consequences of my system. 

Our age wears features different from those of past ages. It is 
not the fanaticism of superstition that now absorbs the minds and 
feelings of the leading classes of the leading nations, as it was in 
former ages, though the mummery of it may have some influence 
yet in remote parts and on the low ignorant rabble. The mass of 
the civilized nations turn their minds now more to the earthly im- 
provements of life 1 It is no longer the broils and wars of nations 
that engage the attention and desires of the great mass, nor of the 
heads of their governments. They have learned by long experience, 
that wars destroy, but never create — that even the most successful 
conqueror has to pay more for his conquests than they will benefit 
him. The mass of the people are no more so stupid machines as 
to be used like dogs of a hunter, to be slaughtered for sport and glory 
of a few individuals — they do no longer expect fortune in war. 
They know they never gain any thing by it, but have to risk and 
lose every thing, life, limb and property. But there is a revolu- 
tionary spirit fomenting from one extremity to the other throughout 
all civilized nations. They all want a change for the better of the 
state of things and men. Civil wars and revolutions are on the eve 
and have been breaking out from time to time. They are dreaded — 
the man of property fears the plunder. This is the sole cause that 
checks them yet. The mass of nations seek now their salvation in 
the mere change of governments and of men for their leaders. The 
machines in some branches of human labours, begin to deprive some 
labouring classes of the miserable pittance of sustenance. — Revolution 
is the watchword. The people are like the wild animal, that is caged 
or tied to a stake by a string. It will run madly all around, again 
and again, mistaking its liberty to move to the right and left for the 
liberty to escape — ever and anon seeing before its eyes no escape, 
and hoping to find it at one or other side, forgetting again and again, 



CONCLUSION. 67 

that it tried its escape already at every point all around its cage or 
stake. Of what avail is any social reform, when the desires for the 
requisites of happiness of the individual must remain unsatisfied ; 
when the contentment of poverty is demanded as a virtue or a necessity, 
while the rich neighbours tantalize the poor — when wealth is con- 
sidered as the highest good, and denied to the mass — when the rich 
deem labour a suffering and a disgrace, and claim it from others — 
when in all forms of society devised, the labours and services of men 
for others are deemed unavoidably necessary, while every member 
of the society wants more of them from others than he is willing or 
able to do himself. What is all the claimed or boasted liberty and 
equality of political rights, when every one, with the exception of 
perhaps a few very rich individuals, must buy (more or less) his 
wants of life by his servility and labours, and be glad for the chance 
of it, when he must remain for ever very limited in the possession of 
means for his desired and desirable enjoyments ? 

Let my system be known to those poor struggling masses, who 
seek amelioration of their condition in some change of mere govern- 
mental or social forms and leaders — and what will become of their 
revolutionary ideas and desires ? . 

It is for you, you leaders, real or imaginary ones, of revolutions, 
to think of that now — and you will see a much more glorious field 
for your activity before you, than any sterile change of governments 
and social forms. 

It is peace, wealth, happiness, not at the expense of your fellow 
creatures, but by creative means applied to the, as yet, unused rich 
resources of nature, you have to look for, and which is here plainly 
before you. 

Study, for once, the creative means within your reach, they only 
will, and can, be the glory of a more intelligent age. Your present 
destructive means, that hitherto have absorbed the mind, will soon 
cease to be effective, and the heroes of mere destruction will obtain 
that rank of mankind which is due to them, the rank of mere 
barbarous brutes — 100 intelligent men will defeat all the glories and 
heroisms of mere sanguinary military chieftains — and do more than 
armies of millions, whose soft flesh and bones cannot resist to a few 
small unfeeling machines driven by some of those gigantic powers 
of nature, (pointed out in my " Paradise,") on land or on sea, and 
renders all bloody heroism abortive, and wars impossible. 

Do you not see these means yet, and will you ask them of me 
too?— 

Show me first a rational society, worthy of them, and I can 
accommodate you with them too. 

What do I mean by rational society 1 Why, simply this : 

The first society that will be something like rational, will cer- 



68 CONCLUSION. 

tainly not employ one thousand men for what can be done by one 
man. Therefore, one Satelite with four men will keep the land in 
the highest state of improvement, including transport and houses, 
for a population of 100,000 individuals. One foundry will supply 
all the hard parts of machineries and utensils, with three or four 
men. — One small establishment will supply the same population 
with all pliable stuffs wanted for all purposes of that kind. There 
will be no spinning, weaving, sewing, or any other of the tedious 
processes now in use, but all the articles of pliable stuff, for whatever 
purpose, made like paper now is made, only with other ingredients 
and some additional operations. For each article of hard or of 
pliable stuff is but one type required for a whole country. 

These three different simple means will then be the only ones for 
supplying man with all his physical wants, requiring about 10 men's 
attendance for the wants of 100,000 men. The business of life will 
then consist in social, moral and intellectual pursuits, in the enjoy- 
ments for which life is made, and as my " Paradise" indicates. 

It is then that this rational society will make the most rational 
use of all the fine and coarse things that now exist, and which 
occupy and absorb the activity of man. They will then carefully 
collect them, at least one piece of each kind, and place them con- 
spicuously in their museum for instruction to their children. " Look 
here, dear children," they will say then, " these are the produces 
of our ancestors ; who thought themselves very enlightened." — See 
what pains they took to acquire so much skill as to make them, and 
then what use they made of these produces. — See here a coat of 
many cornered patches, sewed together in a particular manner ; 
you may count many days before you can finish the counting of all 
the stitches, there are some hundred thousand stitches at this little 
coat — it is made of many thousand fine threads, and protects neither 
against wet, nor heat, and very poorly against cold ; it soaks, rather, 
the water in — they wore it only for show — and most people were 
eager to possess several of such coats, of different colours and make, 
for different occasions, and thought themselves only then to be decent 
people. — See here the other pieces of similar construction for one 
suit of dress. — See there a little golden chain and watch, to show the 
time of day, nearly, of which they made a very unprofitable use. 
This trinket would cost as much as the work of a whole year of one 
labourer, working every day 12 hours or more, to get enough to 
eat and sustain life against the inclemencies of weather. — See here a 
string of pearls ; they would cost as much, or more again, though 
there is no use, nor art, nor work whatever at them ; but you have 
to know, little children, your ancestors could not procure them, 
except in a very small quantity, and with much risk of life of divers, 
who fetched them from the bottom of the deep sea. Though glass 



CONCLUSION. 69 

pearls would do the same service, and could be had for a very small 
trifle ; yet your ancestors thought themselves too intelligent to give 
the preference to what they called worthless things. — See here other 
trinkets for show or ornament of gold, silver and jewels. As much 
of them as you can hold in one of your little hands would have made 
the fortune for life of any of the many millions of poor people, and 
liberated him from compulsive labour and made him respected — 
they were of no use whatever, but your ancestors, who thought they 
understood the value of things well, would give as much for them as 
would feed and clothe, and shelter a family for 50 years and longer. 
They would give their houses, lands, produces, and many years' 
labour, any thing dear to them, even their children and wives, to 
obtain a handful of these precious useless trinkets. You have to 
know, that these precious trifles could only be found deep in the 
earth and in small quantities; therefore, they required very much 
labour and patience to find them. Glass, or any other yellow or 
white glistening little thing, that could be had for almost nothing, 
might have done quite as well for the purpose. But your ancestors 
scorned them, for they thought themselves very wise. And because 
they thought themselves wise, they killed those people, who inhabited 
such countries, where these little glistening things could be found, in 
order to rob them, and compelled many thousand other people to dig 
deep holes into the earth, to find more of those valued things, not 
minding much what grew on the surface of those lands, which could 
make so many millions of human beings happy. — Look here, the long 
knives and guns, with which they used to kill each other, because 
they thought that very glorious. — Look there, some pieces to put 
some of their little things on or into them. Here is a table of wood 
with boxes, composed of rare and therefore highly valued stuffs, and 
joined together with much art and labour — it would cost as much as 
a house for a family. There is a box of many little boxes, similarly 
made, and equally valuable, to put their little things in it. — See here 
are many other things of similar make, use and value. — The owner 
of such things would pride in the possession of them very much, and 
feel himself very unhappy, if he had to do without them, because 
they would cost the labour of many men for years, though tables, 
chairs, boxes of cheap wood and make, that would hardly cost one 
day's labour of one man, would answer quite as well the use. See 
here a model of a big house, with 50 rooms, large enough to hold 
100 people or more. It would cost the value of 1000 men's labour 
for one year, or the labour of one man for 1000 years. It was owned 
by but one man, who would now and then use it with a number of 
his servants, men and women. Its value in labour would have been 
enough to feed, clothe and shelter 500 men for life, though the house 
would in our days not be good enough for storing our lumber. 



70 CONCLUSION. 

Although their houses cost them such immense labour, they were 
built chiefly of wood and other combustible materials, and many 
thousands of them close together, which they called cities, inhabited 
promiscuously by all classes of people in tens of thousands — they 
were in consequence subject to frequent conflagrations, caused by 
the least inadvertency in the use of fire, or intentionally for stealing 
or from revenge, destroying the houses by hundreds and thousands, 
together with all the moveable wealth they used to store in them, and 
which they appreciated so dearly, even more dearly than their own 
lives. — See here a model of their best ships. Such a vast hollow 
building, with such a thin wooden wall, was nearly as breakable as 
a bottle of glass. Even a little hole would sink it. It carried, as you 
see, long poles, with many patches of expanded sails, held by many 
ropes. It took a long time for many men to climb upon these things, 
and adjust so many patches, with much danger of life. So, some- 
times, when high winds shifted or rose suddenly, they would capsize 
the ship, or tear poles and sails to pieces, before the men could take 
them in. These frail things would be sunk at any touch upon some 
hard thing under water, and the men be drowned ; for they did not 
think even of providing themselves with boats incapable to sink, for 
saving their lives. From bad food and putrid water in the ship's • 
hold they engendered pestilential diseases, and spread them over the 
land at their arrivals. — See here some of their books, used every 
seventh day in their meetings, held for the purpose of being told that 
they were a very sinful and foolish people, and that they ought to 
be good and wise — but when they were offered the means for 
enabling them to become better, wiser and happier, they would scorn 
and ridicule them as impossible things without investigation, believing 
what their teachers used to tell them, that the world was made to be 
wretched. — They laboured from morning to night, from day to day, 
from year to year, through life, to make such trifles as you see here, 
in order to buy with the money of their sales other trifles from other 
people. They spent all their skill to produce their trinkets and things 
of little or no utility, but have left to us no indication, whatever, of 
any ingenuity or endeavour to produce the things that make human 
life happy. — See here their poor tools, which they took into their 
hands to use the strength of their feeble arms for cutting their trees 
and stones, for digging and ploughing their lands, and reaping and 
preparing their crops — the axe, the hand-saw, the spade, the plough, 
the sickle, and others — it took, therefore, a man's lifetime to do the 
work of necessity and utility for a family's meanest sustenance and 
comfort. It required ten labourers and servants for one man to live, 
what they called decently, and 100 to be respected by all classes of 
the people. One man would have a number of cooks, waiters, 
grooms, and other servants, besides the makers of their dress, 



CONCLUSION. 71 

harness, carriages, tables, seats, boxes, and an innumerable host of 
other working people, occasionally employed for him. They would 
with all this live a very uncomfortable, unhealthy life, shortened by 
disease and mental excitements, in consequence of bad food and 
drink, and lodging and dress, and sufferings and vexations, from 
envy, fraud, and offences of their friends and servants. You 
behold here, little children, all the variety of things, of which you see 
no more use, nor we either, than that of pebbles and straw, for which 
our ancestors toiled or fought through life, and which they valued 
above all things. — It was for such poor objects that one nation 
plundered another, that they destroyed reciprocally their lives, their 
produces, their houses, their cities, which had cost them so much 
labour. It was for these glistening little bits of yellow and white 
metals and pebbles, that they underwent the most perilous sea 
voyages in their miserable frail vessels, to plunder distant parts of 
the globe of them, and when they found them, killed millions of the 
native inhabitants, and made other millions slaves, to work in these 
new discovered countries for such trinkets. These are the things 
they called wealth and luxury, for the acquisition of which they 
preyed upon each other in peace and in war — they had many laws 
and prisons, and all manner of frightful punishments for poor robbers, 
while they worshipped, as great men, those who robbed and killed 
the people by thousands. Every one's business through life was 
to buy as cheap as possible, and to sell as dear as possible — which 
they called an honest way of living, while none cared for the suffer- 
ings of his neighbours ; for every one, or every family, lived sepa- 
rately, and watched what little they possessed with as much anxiety 
and excitement as a dog will watch a piece of meat in his paws when 
other clogs approach — for none had enough for himself. — Their 
jealousy and distrust to each other would not allow them any union 
of many individuals, except in the works of destruction and revenge 
in wars, when they compelled each other to fight for their own 
defence, or could make up money enough to pay hired robbers and 
men killers. They could not conceive how any great thing for the 
good of all members of society could be effected ; and lived sepa- 
rately, each family or individual, like helpless savage animals, while 
the beautiful half of the globe was but an uncultivated wilderness, 
capable of producing the wants of 1000 times the population on 
earth. 

What would you say to all this ? — Is it, perhaps, an exaggeration 
or fiction ? — Or is there not rather a plain reality in it, which, to 
dispute, will baffle all sophistry 1 

Do not grieve then at seeing the means of my " Paradise" and 
this present book, make of this old foolish, miserable world a much 
happier New World. 



72 ADVICE TO CRITICS. 



ADVICE TO CRITICS. 

Ye, who have assumed the high function of enlightening the public 
on all subjects, this matter ought to be a glorious chance for you to 
exercise your learning and talents to some great good purpose, and 
justify the confidence reposed generally by the public in your judg- 
ment and candour. — Your honour is at present at stake ; therefore 
I would friendly advise you, to examine first carefully before you 
venture to give your judgment on the subject. For your name and 
true character, good or bad, will* thereby become known to the intelli- 
gent portion of the present generation and to posterity hereafter. If 
your object is your own honour, and the good of mankind as far as 
it be in your power, I need not tell you what course you have to 
pursue in any of your critics on this subject — a most careful exami- 
nation of this mathematical subject and a candid acknowledgment 
of the result is all which is required — the same as any geometrical 
demonstration would require, pointing out distinctly the points of it 
that be not conclusive, or assenting to those which are demonstrated — 
it is but ignorance and very obtuse intellect that applies any vague 
opinion to a mathematical demonstration, and confounds science 
with mere indefinite opinion. But if your object is only the momen- 
tary gratification of gaining the applause or mere laugh of an 
unreasoning, uninquiring, and therefore easily to be duped multitude, 
you have a very easy task. You may attain this object in various 
ways, without deviating in the least from established custom, viz : 

First, criticise only the style — take here and there some phrases 
you think fit for the purpose, and measure them by your erudition, 
dissecting them in the most cutting manner you can think of, and 
fulfil thus your high vocation as a man of letters. I hope, for your 
own pleasure and that of your readers, who may delight in it, that 
those persons, who have the care of printing this book, will not 
deprive you of that gratification by correcting my style. For I have 
been very careless of it. My object was to be plain and intelligible 
to every one, who desires to understand me — as to the others, I have 
neither the good will nor the talent to make myself understood by 
them. — I think, if somebody should receive, as a present, a bag full 
of gold, he would care very little for the colour and texture of the 
bag, and not be over scrupulous with examining the quality of the 
bag, but turn his attention rather to the substance contained in it. 
So I cared but for the substance of my book, to make its true value 
plainly understood by the reader, and I defy any critic to prove that 
to be false. 



ADVICE TO CRITICS. 73 

Besides the style you may easily venture any judgment you 
please on the substance of the book, without putting yourself to the 
trouble to examine, and consequently without understanding any- 
thing of it. For instance, express your doubts on the practicability 
of the system, by some general unmeaning phrase, a proverb, &c. 
Say, for instance, that many a theory, more plausible than this, 
proved to be false in practice — that perhaps something might be 
found useful in it, but that you could hardly believe the possibility 
of cultivating 20,000 acres by four men with one machine, and one 
dollar capital per acre — that you are rather afraid the author has 
made some miscalculation, and would find it rather difficult to apply 
his or any other machine to clear woods and cultivate broken, rocky 
ground — that the reservoirs, dams, &c, he speaks of, might cost 
more than the supposed advantages of the machines, &c, &c. 

Such insinuations look like modesty and prudence, and becoming 
to a thoughtful gentleman, and are suitable to all events. — For if the 
thing succeeds well, you will be found to have been in the right to 
doubt a little — and if not, or any little difficulty, supposed or real, 
should occur in the attempt for practice, your cautious judgment 
will be deemed fully justified — and, in all cases whatever, your 
sagacity and foresight will be admired, instead of suspecting you for 
a dull, lazy, uninquiring blockhead. 

To be more decisive in your judgment, you may indulge in the 
pleasure to take out of the book, here and there, a phrase, that 
expresses some great results of preceding demonstrations, as speci- 
mens suitable to the most malicious sneers that your heart can be 
capable of. — Say, for instance : " Only look, my r enlightened readers, 
to novelties like this of a most presumptuous fool : he pretends to 
know more than all the wise people that ever lived, and to teach to 
old farmers how to clear their lands by wind — to plough 20,000 
acres by wind or water-wheels, and three or four men only — and to 
do such and such other marvellous things. — Such statements wear 
on their face the stamp of the most ridiculous absurdity — and I will 
not offend my intelligent readers with saying more on the subject, 
and dismiss it as a product unworthy of further notice." Or, in 
following the hint I have given, say : " The author himself allows 
that he has invented nothing new, but he gives a few most exaggerated 
calculations, not worth mentioning, to prove, that you and your 
horses may now eat and drink and be merry or sleep, and work no 
longer, since wind and water alone will do all your business, change 
your woods into gardens, and make them produce the richest har- 
vests, put them into your garners, and make the whole world a 
paradise. — We declare that this vision beats all the visions we ever 
heard of — but such trash will not do for our enlightened community — 



74 ADVICE TO CRITICS. 

the people are too enlightened to be humbugged by buying such 
books." You need not fear any bad consequences. 

Suppose the truth should come to light at last, and your false 
colour be discovered by seeing the machines in practice. Suppose, 
even, some better-informed people should hereafter find in your 
critic nothing but a common every day's silly blackguardism. What 
could it matter to you ? — You stick to the majority — and if the 
majority hereafter should change their notion on the subject and 
find the invention after all a very useful thing — well, what then ? — 
you change then, too, with the majority, and extol the foolish thing 
to the sky. — Do not be scrupulous about contradiction. You may 
say, then, for instance, as others have used to say in similar cases : 
" We did not understand rightly the author ; he did not speak 
plainly enough ; we understood he meant so and so — it was alto- 
gether his fault — we meant no harm, and are not given to the study 
of such things." — In siding with the majority you can never do any 
thing amiss. — Nay, you may be chosen still hereafter for some 
director of some Dominions of my system, as a person eminently 
qualified for such business, and reap more benefit from my inven- 
tions than ever I shall do. — To encourage you, if you should feel 
too faint-hearted for committing such blunders or dishonesty in your 
critics on this subject, I will cite a fair precedent for you of that 
kind. It is stated, that Walter Scott, that great man, who wrote 
such pretty stories, was at London when the gas light was spoken 
of. Walter Scott, on his return to Edinburgh, being in company 
of some very intelligent gentlemen lawyers, and of other learned 
professions, told the novelty of pretending to lighten London by 
coal smoke. He, and the intelligent company, broke out into a 
hearty laughter at this piece of novelty. " Gentlemen," Walter 
Scott observed, " I must confess such fools as this man with his 
coal-smoke light, are worse than other fools — they are the most 
stubborn fools, and cannot be dissuaded in any manner from their 
monomania." Some twenty years thereafter Walter Scott was 
chosen by the Edinburgh gas light company for their director. 

The intelligent laughers at Robert Fulton's steamboats give you 
another example of this kind. 

Now, I assure you, that I give you these pieces of advice from 
the purest sincerity of my heart, and shall not be displeased with 
whatever course you will choose to follow. 

For, in the first case, where you have to examine exactly the 
subject before you judge and be candid — I shall conceive you 
pursue what is right and honourable, and I am sure you will but be 
respected for it, now, and hereafter, by every friend to humanity, 
justice and science, and I shall be your friend too. 



ADVICE TO CRITICS. 75 

In the other cases, where you follow but the dictates of vulgarity 
and ignorance, coupled with dishonesty, I shall be also pleased 
with it — for in that case I shall not be your friend, nor conceive 
any respect due to you ; and, then, the more disgrace you heap 
upon yourself, the better I shall be pleased. 



DCr" For further communication on the subject 
of this book, please to apply by letters, postage 
paid, to 

J. A. ETZLER, 

Philadelphia, 



INDEX. 



Page 

Introduction 3 

General illustrations of the system 7 

Description of the machinery -'-'-. 11 

Demonstrations - 27 

Estimations of expenses and profits 36 

Modes of application of the system 46 

Review of the system 54 

Conclusion 64 

Advice to critics .-72 



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